Influence of Growth Retardants (Anti‐Gibberellins) on Corn Vegetative Growth, Water Use, and Grain Yield under Different Levels of Water Stress 1

1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Shanahan ◽  
D. C. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Different Levels

Influence of row spacing on water use and yield of rain-fed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a no-till system with stubble retention

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. L. Kleemann ◽  
G. S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Use Efficiency

A 3-year field study was undertaken to investigate the effect of row spacing on vegetative growth, grain yield and water-use efficiency of wheat. All 3 years of the study experienced 21–51% below-average rainfall for the growing season. Widening row spacing led to reduced biomass and tillers on per plant basis which could be related to the reduction in light interception by the wheat canopy in the wide rows which in turn could have reduced assimilate production. Reduction in vegetative growth in 54-cm rows translated into a significant reduction in grain yield which was strongly associated (r2 = 0.71) with the loss of spike density. The pattern of crop water use (evapotranspiration, ET) during the growing season was very similar for the three row-spacing treatments. However, there was some evidence for slightly lower ET (~5%) in 54-cm rows in two growing seasons. More importantly, there was no evidence for increased ET during the post-anthesis phase in wide rows as has been speculated by some researchers. Over the 3 years of the study, grain yield declined by 5–8% as row spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and by a further 12–20% as row spacing increased from 36 to 54 cm. There was a consistent decline in water-use efficiency for grain (WUEG) with increasing row spacing over the 3 years. WUEG declined by 6–11% as crop spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and declined further by 12–15% as row spacing increased to 54 cm. Lower light interception at wider row spacing could have reduced assimilate production by wheat as well as increased soil evaporation due to lower shading of the soil surface in more open canopies. Growers adopting wider row spacing on these relatively heavy textured soils are likely to experience some reduction in grain yield and WUEG. However, some growers may be prepared to accept a small yield penalty from intermediate row spacing as a trade-off for increased stubble retention and soil health.

scholarly journals Grain yield, biomass productivity and water use efficiency in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under drought stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalel Chakri Telahigue ◽  
Laila Ben Yahia ◽  
Fateh Aljane ◽  
Khaled Belhouchett ◽  
Lamjed Toumi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

Five quinoa cultivars introduced from Egypte DRC (Desert Research Center-Caire) were tested in an experimental station in Tunisia located under arid climatic conditions. In order to test their adaptation to abiotic constraints; water requirements, yield (grain, dry matter) and water use efficiency (WUE) were correlated to three water stress: T100% of field capacity (T1), T60% of field capacity (T2) and T30% of field capacity (T3). Net irrigation water requirement was estimated using CROPWAT 8.0 software. The study aims to develop an irrigation scheduling for quinoa from January to Jun during 2015 season. The ET0 was between 1.08 mm/day and 4.95 mm/day and net irrigation water requirement was 287.2 mm. For grain yield, 1000 grains weight and dry matter production results show significant differences between cultivars and water stress. The seeds productivity of the five cultivars ranges between 2092.6kg/ha and 270kg/ha under full irrigation and it decreases to reach up 74% under T3 of field capacity stress in comparison with control stress. Similar results were shown for dry matter production. On refilling soil to field capacity with irrigation at critical depletion, 70% field efficiency was achieved which correspond to optimal condition, while adapting fixed interval per stage. For WUE, highest value of irrigation and total water use efficiency for both grain and dry matter  ​​were recorded to the T2 hydrous stress.

Exogenous abscisic acid reduces water loss and improves antioxidant defence, desiccation tolerance and transpiration efficiency in two spring wheat cultivars subjected to a soil water deficit

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Lei Du ◽  
Zhen-Yu Wang ◽  
Jing-Wei Fan ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Jin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Antioxidant Defence ◽  
Exogenous Aba

The effect of soil drenching with 10 µM abscisic acid (ABA) on the physiological responses of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars released in different decades was evaluated when subjected to a water deficit at jointing or at booting. Exogenous ABA application increased the ABA concentration in the leaves, reduced the stomatal conductance (gs), slowed the rate of water use, decreased the lethal leaf water potential (ψ) used to measure desiccation tolerance and lowered the soil water content (SWC) at which leaf relative water content (RWC) began to decrease and wilting was observed. Exogenous ABA application also reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and increased antioxidant enzyme activity, leading to a reduction in the oxidative damage to lipid membranes in both cultivars exposed to water stress at jointing and booting. The decrease in leaf RWC and wilting occurred at lower values of SWC in the recently-released cultivar than in the earlier-released cultivar. The recently-released cultivar also had higher grain yield than the earlier-released cultivar at moderate water stress, but the grain yield in both cultivars was reduced by water stress and by the exogenous ABA treatment. However, exogenous ABA treatment increased transpiration efficiency for grain (TEG) of both cultivars under moderate water stress. These results indicate that ABA played an important role in slowing water use and enhancing the antioxidant defence during soil drying, but this did not result in increased yields under drought stress.

scholarly journals Morphological plasticity of root growth under mild water stress increases water use efficiency without reducing yield in maize

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Cai ◽  
Yulong Zhang ◽  
Zhanxiang Sun ◽  
Jiaming Zheng ◽  
Wei Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Mild Water Stress

Abstract. There is a significant potential to increase yield of maize (Zea mays L.), a global major crop, in rain-fed condition in semi-arid regions, since the large yield gap is mainly caused by frequent droughts halfway the crop growing period due to uneven distribution of rainfall. It is questionable if irrigation systems are economically required in such a region since total amount of rainfall generally meet the crop requirement. This study therefore aimed to quantitatively determine the effects of water stress during jointing to filling stages on root and shoot growth and the consequences for maize grain yield, above- and below-ground dry matter, water uptake (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE). Pot experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 with a mobile rain shelter. The experiments consisted of three treatments: (1) no water stress; (2) mild water stress; and (3) severe water stress. Maize yield in mild water stress across two year was not significantly affected, while severe stress reduced yield by 56 %. Water stress decreased root biomass slightly but shoot biomass substantially. Mild water stress decreased root length but increased root diameter, resulting a no effect on root surface area. WU under water stress was decreased, while WUE for maize above-ground dry matter under mild water stress was increased by 20 % across all years, and 16 % for grain yield WUE. Our results demonstrates that irrigation systems in studied region might be not economically necessary because the mild water stress does not reduce crop yield. The study helps to understand crop responses to water stress during critical water-sensitive period and to mitigate drought risk in dry land agriculture.

scholarly journals The interaction of mineral nutrition and water supply in the process of winter wheat production

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
J. Šhivra ◽  
R. Hojčuš ◽  
M. Zima
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Different Levels

In pot experiments performed in 1972-1976 with winter wheat variety 'Ilyichovka' grown at three levels of increasing mineral nutrition and at different levels of water supply (70% and 40% of maximal water capacity) an interaction was observed between mineral nutrition and water availability on the yield and some physiological characteristics of the plants. Water stress during heading stage reduced nearly by one half the grain yield per plant, mostly by decreasing the number of completely filled grains. The quicker leaf senescence and grain number reduction as well as the total grain yield due to water stress differed between the nutritional levels. The relations between leaf surface area and grain yields were nearly linear in treatments with optimal water supply, but were markedly changed by water stress.

Responses of a standard Australian and a Mexican wheat to temperature and water stress

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Davidson ◽  
JW Birch
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Crop Selection ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Response To Temperature

Single plants of Gabo, an Australian spring wheat, and Pitic 62, a Mexican semi-dwarf one, were grown at 20°C in a growth cabinet until anthesis. They were then transferred to glasshouses at 18/13, 21/16 and 24/19°C day/night temperatures and supplied with 20, 60 and 100% of their ad lib. water requirements. In terms of water use, dry matter production and grain yield, patterns of response to temperature and water stress were very similar for the two varieties. Highest yields were obtained at 21/16°C. Efficiencies of water use increased as water supply decreased; they were lower at 18/13°C than at higher temperatures. The amounts of dry matter produced after the treatments were imposed were taken as biological indexes of the nine environments. Over the entire range of those values, the grain yields of Pitic 62 were consistently higher than those of Gabo. Significant features of Pitic 62 that contributed to its higher yields were that: (1) by anthesis it had produced larger ears from a given weight of supporting shoot tissues; (2) after anthesis it mobilized a higher percentage and amount of stem and leaf material that apparently contributed to grain production. Two broad categories of shoots were distinguished. The first four shoots of both varieties were very tolerant of water stress, producing 50% of their potential grain yield on 20% of ad lib. water supplies. These shoots experienced water stress only after anthesis. Younger shoots experienced the stress treatments from an earlier stage of development; they were very sensitive to water stress and their grain yields were related linearly to water supply. Harvest index values varied with the category of shoot selected and with size of shoot or plant. Implications of relationships between grain weight and shoot weight for crop selection are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of Zeolite and Phosphorus Applications on Water Use, P Uptake and Yield in Rice under Different Irrigation Managements

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng ◽  
Chen ◽  
Chi ◽  
Xia ◽  
Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Water

Phosphorus (P) deficiency often occurs in paddy fields due to its high fixation, and low solubility and mobility in soils, especially under water stress. Available soil P and plant P uptake could be improved through the application of zeolite. However, little is known about the impact of zeolite on P uptake in rice under water stress. A two-year lysimetric experiment using a split-split plot design investigated the effects of zeolite (0 or 15 t ha−1) and P (0 or 60 kg ha−1) applications on water use, P uptake, and grain yield in rice under two irrigation management systems (continuous flooding irrigation (CF) and improved alternate wetting and drying irrigation (IAWD)). Both irrigation systems produced equivalent effective panicles and grain yield. Compared with CF, IAWD reduced water use and aboveground P uptake and improved water-use efficiency (WUE) in rice. The applications of zeolite or P alone increased grain yield, WUE, soil available P, and stem, leaf, and panicle P concentration, and aboveground P uptake, but had no significant effect on water use. The enhanced grain yield induced by zeolite was related to the increase in aboveground P uptake. The zeolite application enhanced NH4+–N retention in the topsoil and prevented NO3−–N from leaching into deeper soil layers. Moreover, Zeolite made lower rates of P fertilizer possible in paddy fields, with benefits for remaining P supplies and mitigating pollution due to excessive P. These results suggest that the combined application of zeolite and P under improved AWD regime reduced water use, improved P uptake and grain yield in rice, and alleviated environment risk.

scholarly journals High Soybean Yield and Drought Adaptation Being Associated with Canopy Architecture, Water Uptake, and Root Traits

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Bing Gao ◽  
Can Guo ◽  
Feng-Min Li ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Jin He
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Pod Number

Water stress is the main abiotic factor that limits soybean grain yield. We investigated eight soybean cultivars under well-watered (WW) and terminal drought stress (TDS) conditions to determine the traits associated with water saving and the relationship between water use, root morphology, canopy architecture, flower and tagged-pod number, and yield performance. Under WW conditions, the average grain yield across the new soybean cultivars was significantly higher (18.7 g plant−1 vs. 15.1 g plant−1), but significantly less water was used (36 L plant−1 vs. 47 L plant−1) than in the old soybean cultivars. Under TDS, the four old soybean cultivars failed to produce a measurable grain yield, while the new soybean cultivars Zhonghuang 30 (ZH) and Jindou 19 (J19) produced a measurable grain yield. Water stress significantly reduced the flower numbers and tagged-pod numbers; the four new soybean cultivars on average had low flower and tagged-pod numbers under WW treatment, while they had low flower but high tagged-pod numbers under TDS conditions. ZH and JD exhibited a lower branch number and leaf area under both WW and TDS conditions. Water use during the flowering and podding periods was significantly positively correlated with the flower number and the tagged-pod number under both WW and TDS conditions. Thus, the small canopy size and low root length and root surface area contributed to a water-saving mechanism in the new soybean cultivars and improved the yield under drought conditions.

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