Genetic Gain in Yield Potential of Upland Cotton under Varying Plant Densities

Abstract Background: Hybridization is useful to enhance yield potential of agronomic crops in the world. Cotton has genome doubling due to alloteraploidy process and hybridization process in coordinate with duplicated genome can produce more yield and adaptability. Therefore, expression of homoeolog gene pairs between hybrids and inbred parents are vital to characterize genetic source of heterosis in cotton.Results: Investigation results of homoeolog gene pairs between two contrasting hybrids and their respective inbred parents identified 36853 homoeolog genes in hybrids. It was observed both high and low hybrids had similar trends in homoeolog gene expression patterns in each tissue under study. An average of 96% of homoeolog genes had no biased expression and their expressions were derived from the equal contribution of both parents. Besides, very few homoeolog genes (An average of 1%) showed no biased or novel expression in both hybrids. The functional analysis described secondary metabolic pathways had a majority of novel biased homoeolog genes in hybrids. Conclusions: These results contribute preliminary knowledge about how hybridization affects expression patterns of homoeolog gene pairs in upland cotton hybrids. Our study also highlights the functional genomics of metabolic genes to explore the genetic mechanism of heterosis in cotton.

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Yield Potential of Selected Medicinal Herbs Grown at Three Plant Spacings in New Mexico

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.13.4.0631 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 631-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kathryn M. Kleitz ◽

Marisa M. Wall ◽

Constance L. Falk ◽

Charles A. Martin ◽

Steven J. Guldan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Echinacea Purpurea ◽

Field Studies ◽

Medicinal Herbs ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Valeriana Officinalis ◽

Verbascum Thapsus ◽

Anemopsis Californica ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Yerba Mansa

Field studies were conducted to determine the production potential of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), mullein (Verbascum thapsus) and yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica) medicinal herbs at two sites in New Mexico. Las Cruces, N.M., is at an elevation of 3,891 ft (1,186 m) and has an average of 220 frost free days per year, whereas Alcalde, N.M., is at an elevation of 5,719 ft (1,743 m) and averages 152 frost-free days per year. In-row plant spacings of 12, 18 and 24 inches (30.5, 45.7, and 61.0 cm) were compared at both locations. The corresponding plant densities for the 12, 18 and 24 inch spacings were 14,520 plants/acre (35,878 plants/ha), 9,680 plants/acre (23,919 plants/ha), and 7,260 plants/acre (17,939 plants/ha), respectively. Data were collected on growth rates, fresh yield, and dry yield for the herbs grown at each site. All crops at both sites had highest plot yields at the 12-inch spacing, suggesting that optimum in-row plant spacings are at or below the 12-inch spacing. Yields of 1.94 ton/acre (4.349 t·ha-1) of dried yerba mansa root, 0.99 ton/acre (2.219 t·ha-1) of dried echinacea root, and 2.30 ton/acre (5.156 t·ha-1) of dried mullein leaves were realized at the 12-inch spacing at Las Cruces in southern New Mexico. Yields of 1.16 ton/acre (2.600 t·ha-1) of dried valerian root, 0.93 ton/acre (2.085 t·ha-1) of dried echinacea root, and 0.51 ton/acre (1.143 t·ha-1) of dried mullein leaves were harvested at the 12-inch spacing at Alcalde in northern New Mexico. Yields of fresh echinacea flowers were 1.56 ton/acre (3.497 t·ha-1) in Las Cruces. Yields of dried mullein flowers were 0.68 ton/acre (1.524 t·ha-1) in Las Cruces and 0.66 ton/acre (1.479 t·ha-1) in Alcalde.

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Heterobeltiosis in Banana and Genetic Gains through Crossbreeding

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019036193 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 193

Author(s):

Michael Batte ◽

Brigitte Uwimana ◽

Rony Swennen ◽

Allan Brown ◽

Helena Persson Hovmalm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Gain ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Rectangular Lattice ◽

Hybrid Vigour ◽

Genetic Gains ◽

Lattice Design ◽

Three Generations ◽

The Mean ◽

Breeding Efficiency

Heterosis, or hybrid vigour, is the superiority of the hybrid for a certain trait over the mean of its two parents. Heterobeltiosis is a form of heterosis where the hybrid is superior to its best parent. Banana breeding is a tedious, time-consuming process, taking up to two decades to develop a hybrid. Understanding heterosis in banana breeding will contribute to selecting right breeding materials for further crossing, thus increasing banana breeding efficiency. Here we document heterobeltiosis by using the recently bred NARITA ‘Matooke’ hybrids and their ancestors. NARITA hybrids, their parents (4x and 2x), grandparents (3x and 2x), and local 3x ‘Matooke’ cultivar checks were planted in a rectangular lattice design with two replications. Yield and other agronomic data were collected at flowering and harvest. The NARITAs were compared with their 3x ‘Matooke’ grandmothers. Heterobeltiosis on bunch weight was calculated with the data of 3 cycles. All the NARITAs showed heterobeltiosis for bunch weight. NARITA 17 had the highest grandparent heterobeltiosis (ca. 250%). Genetic gains due to crossbreeding were determined for fruit yield considering three generations: matooke cultigen (C0), primary tetraploid hybrids (C1) and secondary tetraploid hybrids (C2). The average genetic gain (from C0 to C2) rates for bunch weight (kg) and yield potential (t ha−1 year−1) were 1.4% and 1.3% per year, respectively.

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Effects of Planting Date on Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toy398 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 112 (2) ◽

pp. 699-707 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cody D Kerns ◽

Jeremy K Greene ◽

Francis P F Reay-Jones ◽

William C Bridges

Keyword(s):

Upland Cotton ◽

Planting Date ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Pest Species ◽

Alternative Control ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Frankliniella Fusca ◽

Scale Levels ◽

Tobacco Thrips

Abstract At-plant applications of insecticides are the most common method to manage thrips in upland cotton, Gossypium hirstutum L. Because the primary pest species, tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), has developed resistance to commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides used in producing cotton, alternative control options are needed for sustainable thrips management programs. A 3-year study (2015–2017) showed that densities of thrips, feeding injury from thrips, cotton growth, and yield varied among 10 planting dates. Densities of thrips were lowest in seedling cotton planted after mid-May in all years. Thrips injury ratings in all years were highest in cotton planted in April, lowest in cotton planted in June, and below intermediate injury (intermediate corresponded to a 3 on the 0–5 scale) levels in cotton planted after mid-May. Cotton planted during May, rather than in April or June, had the highest yield potential, regardless of variety. Results of the study indicated that altering planting date could potentially be useful in mitigating injury and losses from thrips in upland cotton.

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Comparative Response of Conventional and Quality Protein Maize Hybrids to High Population Densities in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences ◽

10.53704/fujnas.v2i1.40 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

O B Bello

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Population ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Quality Protein Maize ◽

Population Densities ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Guinea Savanna ◽

Plant Densities

Optimum plant population is very important in enhancing high and stable grain yield especially in quality protein maize (QPM) production. A field trial was therefore conducted to compare the performance of six hybrids (three each of QPM and normal endosperm) at three population densities using a split-plot design at the sub-station of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Oke-Oyi, in the southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Plant population -1 densities (53,333, 66,666, and 88,888 plants ha ) constituted the main plots and the six hybrids were assigned to the subplots, replicated three times. Our results showed a differential response of maize -1 hybrids to high densities, with plant populations above 53,333 plants ha reduced grain yield, and this is more pronounced in QPM than normal endosperm hybrids. This is contrary to the results observed in many other countries. This might be that the hybrids were selected in low yield potential area at low plant densities, and hence not tolerant to plant density stress. It may also be due to low yield potential of the experimental site, which does not allow yield increases at high plant densities. Though normal endosperm hybrids 0103-11 and 0103-15 as well as QPM Dada-ba were superior for grain yield among -1 the hybrids at 53,333 plants ha , hybrid 0103-11 was most outstanding. Therefore, genetic improvement of QPM and normal endosperm hybrids for superior stress tolerance and high yield could be enhanced by selection at higher plant population densities.

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Application of prognostic breeding in maize

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp15206 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 605 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vasileios Greveniotis ◽

Vasilia A. Fasoula

Keyword(s):

Crop Yield ◽

Genetic Gain ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Breeding Strategy ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Selection Strategy ◽

Plant Yield ◽

High Selection ◽

Selection Of

Innovative approaches and new efficiencies in plant breeding are required to accelerate the progress of genetic improvement through selection. One such approach is the application of prognostic breeding, which is an integrated crop-improvement methodology that enables selection of plants for high crop yield potential by evaluating its two components: plant yield potential and stability of performance. Plant yield and stability are assessed concurrently in each generation by utilising the plant prognostic equation. The genetic material used for this study was 2350 F2 plants (C0) of the commercial maize hybrid Costanza. The study presents the results of the application of prognostic breeding for 6 years in two contrasting environments (A and B), starting from C0 and ending in C5. It utilises ultra-high selection pressures (1.5% to 0.5%) to isolate superior lines with crop yield comparable to Costanza, and estimates the annual genetic gain accomplished through application of this selection strategy. Application of prognostic breeding led to the isolation of superior lines whose productivity was comparable to Costanza. The productivity gap between Costanza and the best selection was reduced from 87% (C0) to 0.5% (C5) in trial 1 (environment A), from 87% (C0) to 2% (C5) in trial 2 (environment B) and from 70% (C0) to 1% (C3) in trial 3 (environment B). Genetic gain was much higher (up to 50%) in the early cycles C0–C2 of prognostic breeding and smaller in cycles C3–C5. The best lines selected were evaluated in randomised complete block trials across both environments and 2 years. Across years, the top two lines in environments A and B averaged 87% and 91% of the Costanza yield, respectively, and they had higher prolificacy (greater number of ears per plant) than Costanza. Across all cycles, the average annual genetic gain ranged from 23% to 36% in the different trials, providing evidence that selection efficiency can be significantly maximised by using this breeding strategy.

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UNDERSTANDING PLANT DENSITY EFFECTS ON MAIZE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: AN IMPORTANT ISSUE TO MAXIMIZE GRAIN YIELD

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782001000100027 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 159-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Luís Sangoi

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Grass Species ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Female Flowering ◽

Number Of Individuals ◽

Maturity Rating

Maize is the agronomic grass species that is most sensitive to variations in plant density. For each production system, there is a population that maximizes grain yield. This article presents an overview of the factors that affect optimum plant population, emphasizingthe effects of dense stands on ear development and discussing important changes in plant traits that have contributed to increase the tolerance of modern hybrids to high plant densities. Population for maize maximum economic grain yield varies from 30,000 to over 90,000pl.ha-1, depending on water availability, soil fertility, maturity rating, planting date and row spacing. When the number of individuals per area is increased beyond the optimum plant density, there is a series of consequences that are detrimental to ear ontogeny and result in barrenness. First, ear differentiation is delayed in relation to tassel differentiation. Later-initiated earshoots have a reduced growth rate, resulting in fewer spikelet primordia transformed into functional florets by the time of flowering. Functional florets extrude silks slowly, decreasing the number of fertilized spikelets due to the lack of synchrony between anthesis and silking. Limitations in carbon and nitrogen supply to the ear stimulate young kernel abortion immediately after fertilization. Availability of earlier hybrids, with shorter plant height, lower leaf number, upright leaves, smaller tassels and better synchrony between male and female flowering time has enhanced the ability of maize to face high plant populations without showing excessive barrenness. Improved endurance in high stands has allowed maize to intercept and use solar radiation more efficiently, contributing to the remarkable increase in grain yield potential experienced by this crop.

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Genetic gain in lint yield and its components of upland cotton released during 1963 to 2010 in Venezuela

Crop Science ◽

10.1002/csc2.20547 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Manuel Alejandro Guzman Hernandez ◽

Luis Alexander Vilain ◽

Tatiana Rondon ◽

Juan Sanchez

Keyword(s):

Genetic Gain ◽

Upland Cotton ◽

Lint Yield

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Plant density and nitrogen topdressing of high-altitude main-season corn

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n5p2651 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 2651-2668

Author(s):

Denis Piazzoli ◽

◽

Moryb Jorge Lima da Costa Sapucay ◽

André Mateus Prando ◽

João Alberto de Oliveira Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

High Altitude ◽

Plant Height ◽

Plant Density ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Plant Densities

An appropriate combination of plant density with nitrogen (N) fertilization can optimize corn growth and increase grain yields. This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen topdressing rates and plant density levels on the agronomic performance of corn. The early hybrid DKB 240 YG, with high yield potential and stability, was evaluated in two summer crops in Mauá da Serra, Paraná (950 m asl), in a Cfb climate, on a Rhodic Eutrudox. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete blocks and subdivided plots with four replications. The plant densities (60,000; 75,000; 90,000 and 105,000 plants ha-1) were assessed in the plots and the nitrogen (ammonium nitrate 32% N) topdressing rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1) in the subplots. The stem diameter, plant height, ear insertion height and grain yield were evaluated. The stem diameter, plant height, ear insertion height and grain yield were influenced by the interaction between plant density and nitrogen topdressing under the tested high-altitude edaphoclimatic conditions. The stem diameter of corn plants decreased due to the increase in plant density whereas nitrogen topdressing attenuated this reduction. Maximum plant height was observed at a density of 75,000 plants ha-1 associated with a topdressing of 169 kg ha-1 of N, and highest ear insertion at 60,000 plants ha-1 and 168 kg ha-1 of N. Corn yield was highest at a density of 105,000 plants ha-1 associated with a topdressing of 185 kg N ha-1 of N.

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