Modeling Demographics and Genetic Diversity in Ex Situ Collections during Seed Storage and Regeneration

This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in market preference, and the impact of climate change. Efforts have been made to secure plant genetic resources ex situ for future use but there are significant issues related to cost effective, efficient, secure, rational, and sustainable long-term ex situ conservation. It begins by addressing issues for the composition of ex situ collections and moves on to discuss issues for routine operations for conservation. The chapter also highlights issues for the use of conserved genetic resources, before concluding with a summary of why the development of sustainable genebank systems is so important.

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Genetic diversity patterns in ex situ collections of Oryza officinalis Wall. ex G. Watt revealed by morphological and microsatellite markers

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution ◽

10.1007/s10722-016-0396-x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 733-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Elizabeth Boncodin Naredo ◽

Sheila Mae Quilloy Mercado ◽

Maria Celeste Naynes Banaticla-Hilario ◽

Myrricar Loren Berdos ◽

Mario Alcantara Rodriguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Oryza Officinalis ◽

Diversity Patterns ◽

Ex Situ Collections

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A Framework for Maximising the Capture of Genetic Diversity in Sampling for ex situ Conservation

10.20944/preprints201912.0176.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Linda Neaves

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Genetic Data ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Ex Situ Collections

The rapid and extensive loss of biodiversity globally has resulted in an increased urgency to capture and conserve the diversity which is present, including genetic diversity within species. However, for many species there is currently no detailed genetic data available to inform the collection and use of material held in ex situ collections and this can hamper the consideration of genetic issues and reduce the likelihood collection represent the diversity present. Even in the absence of direct genetic data, however, it is possible to consider genetic issues using the existing theoretical and empirical evidence-based and biological, ecological and demographic data for a given species. Here a framework to facilitate the consideration of genetic diversity and genetic issues, even where genetic data is lacking, is presented.

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Genotyping of Albania olive (Olea europaea) germplasm by SSR molecular marker

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i7.1740 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 573 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Innocenzo Muzzalupo ◽

Antonella Muto, Giuliana Badolati ◽

Aulona Veizi ◽

Adriana Chiappetta

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Clear Correlation ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

High Productivity ◽

Plant Nursery ◽

Olive Cultivars ◽

Ex Situ Collections ◽

Olive Varieties

The increasing interest in olive varieties with high productivity and quality is the basis of modern olive growing. The molecular characterization of olive varieties is essential to maximize the genetic diversity in the in situ and ex situ collections of the olive germplasm. The importance of studies aimed at identification and selection of genotypes that meet the requirements for plant nursery certification, for oils traceability and to preserve genotypes that are not widespread from risks of extinction, is evident. In this context, DNA fingerprinting represents a valid tool because the productivity and quality of olive oil are intrinsic characteristics of the original varieties. To date, the Albanian olive-growing heritage has been little studied and the number of varieties has not yet been well defined. As a consequence, it doesn’t a precise characterization of the Albanian genetic entities. The aim of this work was to contribute in clarifying the identity of the Albanian olive cultivars, using the SSR molecular markers. We have genotyped olive trees at the level of nine nuclear microsatellite loci or SSR, pre-selected among those present in the literature and we have identified 38 unique genotypes. It has not been possible to establish a clear correlation between clustering of plants, depending on molecular profiles, and the geographical distribution of origin or maturation period or the intended use of drupes. However, our results show a high genetic diversity and a high discrimination capacity of the tested SSR markers.

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How the Cultivation of Wild Plants in Botanic Gardens can Change their Genetic and Phenotypic Status and What This Means for their Conservation Value

Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture ◽

10.24823/sibbaldia.2019.267 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 51-70

Author(s):

Andreas Ensslin ◽

Sandrine Godefroid

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Active Part ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Conservation Value ◽

Botanic Gardens ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Ex Situ Collections

The discipline of horticulture, growing and propagating plants under artificial conditions, has a centuries-long tradition and has developed into a vital industry of breeding, propagating and trading ornamental and wild plants around the globe. Botanic gardens have always been at the centre of horticultural training and have provided excellence and advancements in the field. In recent decades, botanic gardens have also become an active part of ex situ conservation activities by storing seeds of endangered wild plants, growing living collections for conservation purposes, or propagating plants for direct reintroduction measures. While this shift in focus has been necessary and very important, ex situ collections of wild plants have been criticised for beinggenetically impoverished, potentially hybridised with congeners, or adapted to the artificial garden conditions and potentially having lost specific adaptations to their original wild habitat. In this review, we provide an overview of these potential threats to wild plants in ex situ living collections and outline examples of how ex situ cultivation can affect genetic diversity, trait expression and adaptive responses of the plants. We evaluate what these changes could mean for the conservation value of the collections, and discuss how they could be avoided by refining horticultural practices.

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Genetic Diversity Assessment of Ex Situ Collections of Endangered Quercus hinckleyi

International Journal of Plant Sciences ◽

10.1086/712783 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 182 (3) ◽

pp. 220-228

Author(s):

Janet Rizner Backs ◽

Sean Hoban ◽

Mary V. Ashley

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Diversity Assessment ◽

Ex Situ Collections

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Gap analyses of priority wild relatives of food crop in current ex situ and in situ conservation in Indonesia

Biodiversity and Conservation ◽

10.1007/s10531-021-02225-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wiguna Rahman ◽

Joana Magos Brehm ◽

Nigel Maxted ◽

Jade Phillips ◽

Aremi R. Contreras-Toledo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Protected Area ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Area Network ◽

Complementarity Analysis ◽

Ex Situ Collections ◽

Conservation Actions

AbstractConservation programmes are always limited by available resources. Careful planning is therefore required to increase the efficiency of conservation and gap analysis can be used for this purpose. This method was used to assess the representativeness of current ex situ and in situ conservation actions of 234 priority crop wild relatives (CWR) in Indonesia. This analysis also included species distribution modelling, the creation of an ecogeographical land characterization map, and a complementarity analysis to identify priorities area for in situ conservation and for further collecting of ex situ conservation programmes. The results show that both current ex situ and in situ conservation actions are insufficient. Sixty-six percent of priority CWRs have no recorded ex situ collections. Eighty CWRs with ex situ collections are still under-represented in the national genebanks and 65 CWRs have no presence records within the existing protected area network although 60 are predicted to exist in several protected areas according to their potential distribution models. The complementarity analysis shows that a minimum of 61 complementary grid areas (complementary based on grid cells) are required to conserve all priority taxa and 40 complementary protected areas (complementary based on existing protected areas) are required to conserve those with known populations within the existing in situ protected area network. The top ten of complementary protected areas are proposed as the initial areas for the development of CWR genetic reserves network in Indonesia. It is recommended to enhanced coordination between ex situ and in situ conservation stakeholders for sustaining the long term conservation of CWR in Indonesia. Implementation of the research recommendations will provide for the first time an effective conservation planning of Indonesia’s CWR diversity and will significantly enhance the country’s food and nutritional security.

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Do living ex situ collections capture the genetic variation of wild populations? A molecular analysis of two relict tree species, Zelkova abelica and Zelkova carpinifolia

Biodiversity and Conservation ◽

10.1007/s10531-014-0756-9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 2945-2959 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Camille Christe ◽

Gregor Kozlowski ◽

David Frey ◽

Laurence Fazan ◽

Sébastien Bétrisey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Molecular Analysis ◽

Tree Species ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Ex Situ Collections

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All Populations Matter: Conservation Genomics of Australia’s Iconic Purple Wattle, Acacia purpureopetala

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13040139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Marlien M. van der Merwe ◽

Jia-Yee S. Yap ◽

Peter D. Wilson ◽

Helen T. Murphy ◽

Andrew Ford

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Allelic Variation ◽

Germplasm Conservation ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Genomic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Spatial Distance ◽

Genetic Connectivity ◽

Conservation Genomics ◽

Modelling Framework

Maximising genetic diversity in conservation efforts can help to increase the chances of survival of a species amidst the turbulence of the anthropogenic age. Here, we define the distribution and extent of genomic diversity across the range of the iconic but threatened Acacia purpureopetala, a beautiful sprawling shrub with mauve flowers, restricted to a few disjunct populations in far north Queensland, Australia. Seed production is poor and germination sporadic, but the species occurs in abundance at some field sites. While several thousands of SNP markers were recovered, comparable to other Acacia species, very low levels of heterozygosity and allelic variation suggested inbreeding. Limited dispersal most likely contributed towards the high levels of divergence amongst field sites and, using a generalised dissimilarity modelling framework amongst environmental, spatial and floristic data, spatial distance was found to be the strongest factor explaining the current distribution of genetic diversity. We illustrate how population genomic data can be utilised to design a collecting strategy for a germplasm conservation collection that optimises genetic diversity. For this species, inclusion of all field sites will capture maximum genetic diversity for both in situ and ex situ conservation. Assisted cross pollination, within and between field sites and genetically structured groups, is recommended to enhance heterozygosity particularly at the most disjunct sites and further fragmentation should be discouraged to avoid loss of genetic connectivity.

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Genetic Diversity of Common Bean Genotypes as Revealed By Seed Storage Proteins and Some Agronomic Traits

Plant Breeding and Seed Science ◽

10.2478/v10129-011-0075-1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 125-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Akbar Marzooghian ◽

Mohammad Moghaddam ◽

Mostafa Valizadeh ◽

Mohammad Hasan Kooshki

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Common Bean ◽

Yield Components ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Seed Proteins ◽

Seed Storage ◽

Seed Storage Proteins ◽

Seed Morphology

AbstractEvaluation of the genetic diversity present within species is essential for conservation, management and utilization of the genetic resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic variability of 70 common bean genotypes for seed storage proteins, grain morphological characteristics and agronomic traits. Two methods of extracting soluble seed proteins in salt were used.Positive correlations were observed among both seed morphological characters and developmental characters while yield components showed negative correlations with each other. Factor analysis for agronomic and grain morphological traits resulted in three factors were named yield components, seed morphology and phenology, respectively. Most genotypes had lower or medium scores for yield components and phenology factors. Considerable diversity was observed for seed morphology factor among the common bean genotypes.Nei’s diversity coefficient (He= 0.4), effective number of alleles (Ae= 1.69) and number of polymorphic loci (N = 17) indicated larger variation in the extraction method of soluble proteins in low salt (0.2 M NaCl) than high salt (1 M NaCl) condition. Considering that the centers of diversity for common bean are different in seed size, the result of Gst statistics showed that bands with relative mobility of 30, 32, 38 and 40 differentiated two weight groups more than other bands. Furthermore, significant differences were observed between these bands for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant.

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