Will the Fraud Act 2006 'Get the Law Right?': A Study of the Effectiveness of Applying Criminal Sanctions to Penalise Fraud in the 'Commercial Sphere'

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Ikol Adungo
Keyword(s):  
Jurnal Hukum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1592
Author(s):  
Hanafi Amrani

AbstrakArtikel ini membahas dua permasalahan pokok: pertama, kriteria yang digunakan oleh pembentuk undang-undang di bidang politik dalam menetapkan suatu perbuatan sebagai perbuatan pidana (kriminalisasi); dan kedua, fungsi sanksi pidana dalam undang-undang di bidang politik. Terkait dengan kriminalisasi, undang-undang di bidang politik yang termasuk ke dalam hukum administrasi, maka pertimbangan dari pembuat undang-undang tentu saja tidak sekedar kriminalisasi sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan hukum pidana dalam arti sebenarnya. Hal tersebut disebabkan adanya pertimbangan-pertimbangan tertentu. Pertama, perbuatan yang dilarang dalam hukum pidana administrasi lebih berorientasi pada perbuatan yang bersifat mala prohibita, sedangkan dalam ketentuan hukum pidana yang sesungguhnya berorientasi pada perbuatan yang bersifat mala in se. Kedua, sebagai konsekuensi dari adanya penggolongan dua kategori kejahatan tersebut, maka pertimbangan yang dijadikan acuan juga akan berbeda. Untuk yang pertama (mala prohibita), sanksi pidana itu dibutuhkan untuk menjamin ditegakkannya hukum administrasi tersebut. Dalam hal ini sanksi pidana berfungsi sebagai pengendali dan pengontrol tingkah laku individu untuk mencapai suatu keadaan yang diinginkan. Sedangkan untuk yang kedua (mala in se), fungsi hukum pidana dan sanksi pidana lebih berorientasi pada melindungi dan mempertahankan nilai-nilai moral yang tertanam di masyarakat tempat di mana hukum itu diberlakukan atau ditegakkan. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Kriminalisasi, Undang-Undang PolitikThis article discusses two main problems: firstly, the criteria used by the legislators in the field of politics in determining an act as a criminal act (criminalization); secondly, the function of criminal sanctions in legislation in the field of politics. Associated with criminalization, legislation in the field of politics that is included in administrative law, the consideration of the legislators of course not just criminalization as stipulated in the provisions of criminal law in the true sense. This is due to certain considerations. Firstly, the act which is forbidden in the administration of criminal law is more oriented to act is malum prohibitum offences, whereas in actual criminal law provisions in the act are mala in se offences. Secondly, as a consequence of the existence of two categories of classification of the crime, then consideration will also vary as a reference. For the first (mala prohibita), criminal sanctions are needed to ensure the enforcement of the administrative law. In this case the criminal sanction serves as controller and controlling the behavior of individuals to achieve a desired state. As for the second (mala in se), the function of criminal law and criminal sanctions is more oriented to protect and maintain the moral values that are embedded in a society where the law was enacted or enforced.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-338
Author(s):  
Rahmat Fadli ◽  
Mohd. Din ◽  
Mujibussalim Mujibussalim

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perlindungan hukum terhadap korban pencemaran nama baik melalui media online dan menjelaskan pemenuhan restitusi yang seharusnya diterima korban pencemaran nama baik melalui media online. Pencemaran nama baik merupakan perbuatan melawan hukum, dikarenakan telah menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik seseorang. Rumusan tindak pidana pencemaran nama baik melalui media online diatur dalam Pasal 27 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Infomasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Sanksi pidananya diatur dalam Pasal 45 ayat (3) Undang-Undang ini. Dalam Undang-Undang ini belum diatur sanksi pidana yang berbentuk restitusi, sehingga kurang melindungi korban pencemaran nama baik melalui media online. Metode penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa ancaman pidana pada Pasal 45 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Infomasi dan Transaksi Elektronik belum memenuhi rasa keadilan dan memberi manfaat kepada korban. Karena pada pasal ini belum mengatur sanksi pidana yang bersifat ganti rugi terhadap korban. Reformulation of  Criminal Sanctions on Defamation Through Online Media This study aims to examine the legal protection of victims of defamation through online media and explain the fulfillment of restitution that should be received by victims. Defamation is an act against the law, because it has attacked someone's honor or reputation. The formulation of criminal defamation through online media is regulated in Article 27 paragraph (3) of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law. The criminal sanctions are regulated in Article 45 paragraph (3). This law has not yet regulated criminal sanctions in the form of restitution, so it does not protect victims of defamation through online media. The research method is a normative juridical by using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results found that the criminal threat in Article 45 paragraph (3) of the Law on Information and Electronic Transaction had not fulfilled a sense of justice and benefited for victims. It is because this article does not yet regulate criminal sanctions that are compensation for the victim.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Listiana Listiana ◽  
Elly Sudarti

ABSTRAK Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis putusan dalam tindak pidana penadahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif.  Keputusan Pengadilan Negeri Sarolangun menunjukkan dalam penjatuhan pidana, hakim belum menerapkan ketentuan sanksi pidana yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang secara maksimal. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pemidanaan yang dijatuhkan terhadap pelaku penadahan kurang dari 1 (satu) tahun penjara, sementara ancaman maksimal dari tindak pidana penadahan adalah 4 (empat) tahun penjara. Hal ini mengakibatkan pemidanaan tidak akan memberikan efek jera bagi pelaku. ABSTRACT This article aims to find out and analyze the verdict of criminal offence. The research methods is normative research. The Sarolangun District Court's decision shows that in a criminal sentence, the judge did not apply the provisions of criminal sanctions contained in the law to the maximum. This can be seen from the punishment imposed on perpetrators of detention of less than 1 (one) year in prison, while the maximum threat of criminal offense is  4 (four) years in prison. This resulted in the punishment will not give a deterrent effect for the offender.


Jurnal Akta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Ira Alia Maerani

This study aims to find out to know the form of violations and witnesses to the notary position based on Law No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary and the perspective of Islamic justice in viewing a notary who is indicated to have committed a crime in connection with an authentic deed he made.            This research uses normative law research or dogmatic law research using the doctrinal method. Normative legal research includes research on legal principles, research on legal systematics, research on vertical and horizontal synchronization stages, comparison of law and legal history.            This research concludes that the notary public is a public official who makes an authentic deed and has the authority as regulated in Article 15,16, 17 of Law No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary Public. The notary is obliged to act on trust; honest; independent; objective and safeguard the interests of parties involved in legal actions. Notaries in carrying out their duties and positions if convicted of violations, may be subject to sanctions or sanctions in the form of civil, administrative, and notary code of ethics in accordance with Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2014 concerning Notary Positions. Even so, the Notary Position Law does not regulate criminal sanctions against Notaries. Whereas in practice there is an opportunity for a legal action or violation by a notary related to an authentic deed he made that can be qualified as a criminal offense. A notary who is indicated to have committed a crime in carrying out his authority as a Public Official, of course, must be a concern of the government and law enforcement because the law must be upheld against anyone who commits indiscriminate violations. This rule is a manifestation of the principle of "equality before the law" (equality before the law) which is a fundamental element in the concept of the rule of law. Honesty values; keep the mandate; fair; and this objective is synergistic with the values of justice in an Islamic perspective that promotes justice and problems. Described in the Qur'an An-Nisa verses 58 and 135 and QS. Al Ma'idah verse 8. Islamic law also regulates justice in recording a deed, for example just in recording accounts receivable debts (Q.S. Al Baqoroh: 282)Keywords: Islamic Perspective; Justice; Notary Public; Perpetrators; Criminal Act


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Elisabet . ◽  
Cut Memi

One of the authorities of the Constitutional Court governed by the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945 was the examining of laws against the contitution or judicial review. Inside the regulations which governing the implementation of this authority, the Constitutional Court only acts as a negative legislator, namely canceling or reinforcing a norm tested by the Petitioner. But in practice, the Constitutional Court has changed its role to become a positive legislator, who is forming a new legal norm, which is the authority of legislators. The Constitutional Court should not be able to form a new legal norm because there is no legal basis which regulate that. But Constitutional Court can form a new legal norm in some urgent circumstances, relating to Human Rights, and preventing legal vacuum. In addition, the establishment of laws by lawmakers that require a long process and time. This is compelling Constitutional Court to make substitute norm before the law was established by the legislators. In the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 46/PUU-XVI/2016, the Court actually wants to establish a new legal norm, but because the articles in the petitioned have criminal sanctions, and if the Constitutional Court approves the petition, the Constitutional Court has formulated a new criminal act that can only be formed by the lawmaker. Whereas in the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 21/PUU-XII/2014, the Constitutional Court established a new norm because in the article a quo there were no criminal sanctions.


2021 ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Omri Ben-Shahar ◽  
Ariel Porat

This chapter illustrates personalized law “in action” by examining it in three areas of the law: standards of care under the common law tort doctrine of negligence, mandated consumer protections in contract law, and criminal sanctions. In each area, the chapter examines personalization of commands along several dimensions. In tort law, standards of care could vary according to each injurer’s riskiness and skill, to reduce the costs of accidents. In contract law, mandatory protections could vary according to the value they provide each consumer and differential cost they impose on firms, to allocate protections where, and only where, they are justified. And in criminal law, sanctions would be set based on what it takes to deter criminals, accounting for how perpetrators differ in their motives and likelihood of being apprehended, with the potential to reduce unnecessary harsh penalties.


2020 ◽  
pp. 225-248
Author(s):  
Stuart P. Green

This chapter considers the flip side of voyeurism—namely, indecent exposure, or exhibitionism. Whereas in voyeurism, the offender views his victim’s private activities without her consent, in indecent exposure, he subjects her to his own intimate activities. The interests and rights at stake in the two offenses are thus complementary. This chapter argues that criminal sanctions for indecent exposure are ultimately justified not on the basis of its harms, which are relatively minor, but rather on the basis of its tendency to cause offense. Unlike incest and sadomasochistic assault, which are usually performed in private, indecent exposure is normally committed in public and specifically intended to cause shock, distress, or disgust. On the other hand, some exhibitionists will have legitimate reasons for exposing themselves. They may be engaging in political protest, participating in an artistic endeavor, communing with nature, or exploring sensual pleasure. The chapter suggests that under liberal principles, the law of indecent exposure should be applied only to the most egregious and offensive sorts of exposure for which there is no legitimate justification.


1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Wilfried Bottke

AbstractReligious sects and their practices have become highly topical in the recent past in Germany. The call for criminal sanctions in order to tackle actual or presumed misconduct is becoming louder and louder. The author, a criminal law professor, analyses the present discussion and puts it into a constitutional law perspective. Any civil society that aims to optimise the scope of the personal freedoms of its members must withstand the temptation of creating a special regime of criminal law rules just to combat religious sects and their practices. Criminal law has tobe applied uniformly in the whole society. Therfore, criminal sanctions can only be handed out, when practices infringe intolerably with the individual' s rights protected by the law.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ahmad Syakirin

The development of the pattern of people's lives that are increasingly rapidly giving various positive or negative impacts from various perspectives. Free association without being based on the order of science and morals will cause damage to the order of life without looking at the prevailing norms. Free relationship or free sex is becoming an increasingly free lifestyle among teenagers or the community, of course this has an impact on the occurrence of unwanted pregnancies which in the end takes an action to have an abortion or abort the fetus in the womb. Abortion is an act that is prohibited in various laws in Indonesia and threatens with strict sanctions from the act of aborting the fetus. There are two legal regulations that both prohibit abortion, the first is in Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health and the second is contained in Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. Even though these two laws do not have the same name, they have a purpose and carry the same mission and threat of criminal sanctions as seen in the articles of the two laws that regulate. Two different views (dualism) contained in the law provide guidance later in applying criminal acts to abortionists. There are several things that are allowed in this abortion ban, namely an indication of a medical emergency if it is dangerous for the pregnant mother and the second is a victim of rape. The determination of the prohibition of abortion as under the legal umbrella of the two regulations provides evidence that the existence of this life is guaranteed and protected by the state.Perkembangan pola kehidupan masyarakat yang semakin cepat memberikan berbagai dampak positif ataupun negatif dari berbagai sudut pandang. Pergaulan bebas tanpa dilandasi dengan tatanan ilmu dan moral akan menjadi menjadikan rusaknya tatanan kehidupan tanpa melihat lagi norma-norma yang berlaku. Hubungan bebas atau free sex menjadi gaya hidup yang semakin bebas dikalangan remaja ataupun masyarakat, tentu hal ini memberikan imbas akibat terjadinya kehamilan yang tidak dikehendaki dimana pada akhirnya mengambil sebuah tindakan untuk melakukan aborsi atau mengugurkan janin yang ada dalam kandungan. Aborsi merupakan perbuatan dilarang dalam berbagai perundang-undangan yang ada di Indonesia serta mengancam dengan sanksi yang tegas dari tindakan pengguguran janin tersebut. Ada dua regulasi undang-undang yang keduanya sama-sama melarang tindakan aborsi ini, pertama terdapat pada Undang-Undang No 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan dan yang kedua terdapat pada Undang-Undag No 35 Tahun 2014 Tetang Perlindungan Anak. Sekalipun kedua undang-undang ini tidak memiliki nama yang sama akan tetapi mempunyai tujuan dan membawa misi serta ancaman penjatuhan sanksi pidana yang sama seperti terlihat dalam pasal-pasal kedua undang-undang tersebut mengatur. Dua pandangan (dualisme) berbeda yang terdpat dalam undang-undang memberikan petunjuk nantinya dalam menerapkan perbuatan tindak pidana pada pelaku aborsi. Ada beberapa hal yang diperbolehkan dalam larangan aborsi ini yakni indikasi kedaruratan medis apabila membahayakan bagi ibu yang mengandung dan kedua merupakan korban pemerkosaan. Penentuan larangan aborsi sebagaimana di payung hukumi kedua regulasi tersebut memberikan bukti bahwa adanya kehidupan ini dijamin serta di lindungi oleh negara.


2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ridwansyah

The setting of environmental law in Indonesia has started to improve since the Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management contains criminal act for every person who violates the provisions. It is stated in Article 98, 99, 100. This research method is a library or literature research which is conducted to gather secondary data in the field of environmental law and fiqh al-bi’ah. This research is normative law research while the nature of this research is descriptive analysis. It aimed to give a systematic illustration on legal norms that was found in law number 32 of 2009 and environmental fiqh accurately and the criminal sanctions review used in both arrangements. In this study there were two questions first, how is the arrangement of criminal act in Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection Management. The second is whether the concept of fiqh al bi’ah is in line with Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection Management. The result from this study is that the criminal act contained in the Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection Management has not been enough to trap the environmental destroyer so that the government is expected to revise the unsuitable articles. Furthermore, the result of this research shows the similarity concept between fiqh al bi’ah and environmental governance in Indonesia. The concept offered by fiqh al bi’ah is a part of maqashidul syari’ah where Islam strongly recommended to maintain the environment. Keywords: environment, Fiqh Al-Bi’ah, Maqashidul Syari’ah


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