The Global Emission Game: On the Impact of Strategic Interactions between Countries on the Existence and the Properties of Nash Equilibria

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heugues MMlanie
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Implementation of the biogenic emission model MEGAN(v2.1) into the ECHAM6-HAMMOZ chemistry climate model. Basic results and sensitivity tests

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra-Jane Henrot ◽  
Tanja Stanelle ◽  
Sabine Schröder ◽  
Colombe Siegenthaler ◽  
Domenico Taraborrelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Biogenic Emission ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Empirical Coefficients ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A biogenic emission scheme based on the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) version 2.1 (Guenther et al., 2012) has been integrated into the ECHAM6-HAMMOZ chemistry climate model in order to calculate the emissions from terrestrial vegetation of 32 compounds. The estimated annual global total for the simulation period (2000–2012) is 634 Tg C yr−1. Isoprene is the main contributor to the average emission total accounting for 66 % (417 Tg C yr−1), followed by several monoterpenes (12 %), methanol (7 %), acetone (3.6 %) and ethene (3.6 %). Regionally, most of the high annual emissions are found to be associated to tropical regions and tropical vegetation types. In order to evaluate the implementation of the biogenic model in ECHAM-HAMMOZ, global and regional BVOC emissions of the reference simulation were compared to previous published experiment results with the MEGAN model. Several sensitivity simulations were performed to study the impact of different model input and parameters related to the vegetation cover and the ECHAM6 climate. BVOC emissions obtained with the biogenic model are within the range of previous published estimates. The large range of emission estimates can be attributed to the use of different input data and empirical coefficients within different setups of the MEGAN model. The biogenic model shows a high sensitivity to the changes in plant functional type (PFT) distributions and associated emission factors for most of the compounds. The global emission impact for isoprene is about −9 %, but reaches +75 % for α-pinene when switching to PFT-dependent emission factor distributions. Isoprene emissions show the highest sensitivity to soil moisture impact, with a global decrease of 12.5 % when the soil moisture activity factor is included in the model parameterization. Nudging ECHAM6 climate towards ERA-Interim reanalysis has impact on the biogenic emissions, slightly lowering the global total emissions and their interannual variability.

scholarly journals The impact of traffic emissions on atmospheric ozone and OH: results from QUANTIFY

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 3113-3136 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hoor ◽  
J. Borken-Kleefeld ◽  
D. Caro ◽  
O. Dessens ◽  
O. Endresen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Local Maximum ◽  
Traffic Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. To estimate the impact of emissions by road, aircraft and ship traffic on ozone and OH in the present-day atmosphere six different atmospheric chemistry models have been used. Based on newly developed global emission inventories for road, ship and aircraft emission data sets each model performed sensitivity simulations reducing the emissions of each transport sector by 5%. The model results indicate that on global annual average lower tropospheric ozone responds most sensitive to ship emissions (50.6%±10.9% of the total traffic induced perturbation), followed by road (36.7%±9.3%) and aircraft exhausts (12.7%±2.9%), respectively. In the northern upper troposphere between 200–300 hPa at 30–60° N the maximum impact from road and ship are 93% and 73% of the maximum effect of aircraft, respectively. The latter is 0.185 ppbv for ozone (for the 5% case) or 3.69 ppbv when scaling to 100%. On the global average the impact of road even dominates in the UTLS-region. The sensitivity of ozone formation per NOx molecule emitted is highest for aircraft exhausts. The local maximum effect of the summed traffic emissions on the ozone column predicted by the models is 0.2 DU and occurs over the northern subtropical Atlantic extending to central Europe. Below 800 hPa both ozone and OH respond most sensitively to ship emissions in the marine lower troposphere over the Atlantic. Based on the 5% perturbation the effect on ozone can exceed 0.6% close to the marine surface (global zonal mean) which is 80% of the total traffic induced ozone perturbation. In the southern hemisphere ship emissions contribute relatively strongly to the total ozone perturbation by 60%–80% throughout the year. Methane lifetime changes against OH are affected strongest by ship emissions up to 0.21 (± 0.05)%, followed by road (0.08 (±0.01)%) and air traffic (0.05 (± 0.02)%). Based on the full scale ozone and methane perturbations positive radiative forcings were calculated for road emissions (7.3±6.2 mWm−2) and for aviation (2.9±2.3 mWm−2). Ship induced methane lifetime changes dominate over the ozone forcing and therefore lead to a net negative forcing (−25.5±13.2 mWm−2).

scholarly journals From Nash to Cournot–Nash equilibria via the Monge–Kantorovich problem

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2028) ◽  
pp. 20130398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Blanchet ◽  
Guillaume Carlier
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Transport Theory ◽  
Optimal Transport ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Optimal Transport Theory ◽  
Kantorovich Problem

The notion of Nash equilibria plays a key role in the analysis of strategic interactions in the framework of N player games. Analysis of Nash equilibria is however a complex issue when the number of players is large. In this article, we emphasize the role of optimal transport theory in (i) the passage from Nash to Cournot–Nash equilibria as the number of players tends to infinity and (ii) the analysis of Cournot–Nash equilibria.

scholarly journals Nonzero-Sum Stochastic Games and Mean-Field Games with Impulse Controls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Basei ◽  
Haoyang Cao ◽  
Xin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Stochastic Games ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Mean Field Games ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Player Game ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impulse Controls

We consider a general class of nonzero-sum N-player stochastic games with impulse controls, where players control the underlying dynamics with discrete interventions. We adopt a verification approach and provide sufficient conditions for the Nash equilibria (NEs) of the game. We then consider the limiting situation when N goes to infinity, that is, a suitable mean-field game (MFG) with impulse controls. We show that under appropriate technical conditions, there exists a unique NE solution to the MFG, which is an ϵ-NE approximation to the N-player game, with [Formula: see text]. As an example, we analyze in detail a class of two-player stochastic games which extends the classical cash management problem to the game setting. In particular, we present numerical analysis for the cases of the single player, the two-player game, and the MFG, showing the impact of competition on the player’s optimal strategy, with sensitivity analysis of the model parameters.

scholarly journals On Sparse Discretization for Graphical Games

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Luis Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Graphical Games ◽  
Approximate Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Approximate Nash Equilibria ◽  
Polymatrix Games ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Game Representation

Graphical games are one of the earliest examples of the impact that the general field of graphical models have had in other areas, and in this particular case, in classical mathematical models in game theory. Graphical multi-hypermatrix games, a concept formally introduced in this research note, generalize graphical games while allowing the possibility of further space savings in model representation to that of standard graphical games. The main focus of this research note is discretization schemes for computing approximate Nash equilibria, with emphasis on graphical games, but also briefly touching on normal-form and polymatrix games. The main technical contribution is a theorem that establishes sufficient conditions for a discretization of the players’ space of mixed strategies to contain an approximate Nash equilibrium. The result is actually stronger because every exact Nash equilibrium has a nearby approximate Nash equilibrium on the grid induced by the discretization. The sufficient conditions are weaker than those of previous results. In particular, a uniform discretization of size linear in the inverse of the approximation error and in the natural game-representation parameters suffices. The theorem holds for a generalization of graphical games, introduced here. The result has already been useful in the design and analysis of tractable algorithms for graphical games with parametric payoff functions and certain game-graph structures. For standard graphical games, under natural conditions, the discretization is logarithmic in the game-representation size, a substantial improvement over the linear dependency previously required. Combining the improved discretization result with old results on constraint networks in AI simplifies the derivation and analysis of algorithms for computing approximate Nash equilibria in graphical games.

scholarly journals On the impact of corruption on managers' and controllers' behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slim Belhaiza ◽  
Salwa Charrad ◽  
Rym M'Hallah
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we study the impact of corruption in the context of a game involving a manager and a controller. We propose a model where the controller initiates the bribe demand from the manager. We identify the structure of three potential subgame perfect Nash equilibria, and show their uniqueness. Next, we analyze the influence of the corruption parameters (bribery amount, reciprocity bonus and reputation gain) and the manager's and the controller's bonuses / penalties on the equilibria. Finally, we explain how the manager and the controller may increase, decrease or maintain their performance, when the bribery amount, the reciprocity bonus or the reputation gain index increase.

scholarly journals Sensitivity analysis of methane emissions derived from SCIAMACHY observations through inverse modelling

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Meirink ◽  
H. J. Eskes ◽  
A. P. H. Goede
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Methane Source ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Satellite observations of trace gases in the atmosphere offer a promising method for global verification of emissions and improvement of global emission inventories. Here, an inverse modelling approach based on four-dimensional variational (4D-var) data assimilation is presented and applied to synthetic measurements of atmospheric methane. In this approach, emissions and initial concentrations are optimised simultaneously, thus allowing inversions to be carried out on time scales of weeks to months, short compared with the lifetime of methane. Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and to investigate the utility of SCIAMACHY observations for methane source estimation. The impact of a number of parameters on the error in the methane emission field retrieved has been analysed. These parameters include the measurement error, the error introduced by the presence of clouds, and the spatial resolution of the emission field. It is shown that 4D-var is an efficient method to deal with large amounts of satellite data and to retrieve emissions at high resolution. Some important conclusions regarding the SCIAMACHY measurements can be drawn. (i) The observations at their estimated precision of 1.5 to 2% will contribute considerably to uncertainty reduction in monthly, subcontinental (~500 km) methane source strengths. (ii) Systematic measurement errors well below 1% have a dramatic impact on the quality of the derived emission fields. Hence, every effort should be made to identify and remove such systematic errors. (iii) It is essential to take partly cloudy pixels into account in order to achieve sufficient spatial coverage. (iv) The uncertainty in measured cloud parameters may at some point become the limiting factor for methane emission retrieval, rather than the uncertainty in measured methane itself.

Simulation of the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on aerosols and radiation at a global and European scale in CAMS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Pelletier ◽  
Samuel Rémy ◽  
Zak Kipling ◽  
Marc Guevara Vilardell ◽  
Idir Bouarar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

<p>The COVID-19 pandemic struck China in January 2020 and the rest of the world from February 2020 onwards. Public authorities enforced several kinds of lockdowns in order to limit the spread of the pandemic and reduce its impact on the health system: at the height of the first wave of the pandemic, more than one human in two was subjected to a lockdown, with associated disruption in local and international travel, industry, tourism etc. These lockdowns had a profound effect on anthropogenic emissions of aerosol, trace gases and greenhouse gases; in this work we focus on aerosols and a selection of trace gases.<br><br>The Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of ECMWF is core of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to provide global analyses and forecasts of atmospheric composition, including reactive gases, as well as aerosol and greenhouse gases. In this work, we use two emission reduction scenario with an experimental version of the IFS in its CAMS configuration: a global and a European one.  Global simulations of aerosols were carried out with these two scenarii and compared to a reference simulation without any COVID-19 impact, and to worldwide observations of PM2.5, AOD and trace gases.<br><br>The simulated PM2.5 using the global emission reduction scenario were found to reproduce quite accurately the observed evolution over China, India and United States. Over Europe, the simulated PM2.5 using the European reduction scenario were closer to observations and appeared more realistic. India was the only place where a significant impact on AOD and on temperature and radiation from the COVID-19 lockdowns was simulated. These simulations also provided information on how the aerosol speciation was altered by the COVID-19 lockdowns: over Europe and the U.S., most of the decrease in surface aerosols was simulated to come from nitrate aerosols. Over the U.S., this matched well with observations of speciated aerosols at surface.</p>

scholarly journals Sensitivity analysis of methane emissions derived from SCIAMACHY observations through inverse modelling

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 9405-9445 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Meirink ◽  
H. J. Eskes ◽  
A. P. H. Goede
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Methane Source ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modelling Approach

Abstract. Satellite observations of trace gases in the atmosphere offer a promising method for global verification of emissions and improvement of global emission inventories. Here, an inverse modelling approach based on four-dimensional variational (4D-var) data assimilation is presented and applied to synthetic measurements of atmospheric methane. In this approach emissions and initial concentrations are optimised simultaneously, thus allowing inversions to be carried out on time scales of weeks to months, short compared with the lifetime of methane. Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and to investigate the utility of SCIAMACHY observations for methane source estimation. The impact of a number of parameters on the error in the methane emission field retrieved has been analysed. These parameters include the measurement error, the error introduced by the presence of clouds, and the spatial resolution of the emission field. It is shown that 4D-var is an efficient method to deal with large amounts of satellite data and to retrieve emissions at high resolution. Some important conclusions regarding the SCIAMACHY measurements can be drawn: (i) the observations at their estimated precision of 1.5 to 2% will contribute considerably to uncertainty reduction in monthly, subcontinental (~500 km) methane source strengths; (ii) it is essential to take partly cloudy pixels into account in order to achieve sufficient spatial coverage; and (iii) the uncertainty in measured cloud parameters may at some point become the limiting factor, rather than the uncertainty in measured methane.

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