Simulation of the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on aerosols and radiation at a global and European scale in CAMS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Pelletier ◽  
Samuel Rémy ◽  
Zak Kipling ◽  
Marc Guevara Vilardell ◽  
Idir Bouarar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

<p>The COVID-19 pandemic struck China in January 2020 and the rest of the world from February 2020 onwards. Public authorities enforced several kinds of lockdowns in order to limit the spread of the pandemic and reduce its impact on the health system: at the height of the first wave of the pandemic, more than one human in two was subjected to a lockdown, with associated disruption in local and international travel, industry, tourism etc. These lockdowns had a profound effect on anthropogenic emissions of aerosol, trace gases and greenhouse gases; in this work we focus on aerosols and a selection of trace gases.<br><br>The Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of ECMWF is core of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to provide global analyses and forecasts of atmospheric composition, including reactive gases, as well as aerosol and greenhouse gases. In this work, we use two emission reduction scenario with an experimental version of the IFS in its CAMS configuration: a global and a European one.  Global simulations of aerosols were carried out with these two scenarii and compared to a reference simulation without any COVID-19 impact, and to worldwide observations of PM2.5, AOD and trace gases.<br><br>The simulated PM2.5 using the global emission reduction scenario were found to reproduce quite accurately the observed evolution over China, India and United States. Over Europe, the simulated PM2.5 using the European reduction scenario were closer to observations and appeared more realistic. India was the only place where a significant impact on AOD and on temperature and radiation from the COVID-19 lockdowns was simulated. These simulations also provided information on how the aerosol speciation was altered by the COVID-19 lockdowns: over Europe and the U.S., most of the decrease in surface aerosols was simulated to come from nitrate aerosols. Over the U.S., this matched well with observations of speciated aerosols at surface.</p>

scholarly journals Extending methane profiles from aircraft into the stratosphere for satellite total column validation using the ECMWF C-IFS and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D model

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 6663-6678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreeya Verma ◽  
Julia Marshall ◽  
Mark Parrington ◽  
Anna Agustí-Panareda ◽  
Sebastien Massart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. Airborne observations of greenhouse gases are a very useful reference for validation of satellite-based column-averaged dry air mole fraction data. However, since the aircraft data are available only up to about 9–13 km altitude, these profiles do not fully represent the depth of the atmosphere observed by satellites and therefore need to be extended synthetically into the stratosphere. In the near future, observations of CO2 and CH4 made from passenger aircraft are expected to be available through the In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) project. In this study, we analyse three different data sources that are available for the stratospheric extension of aircraft profiles by comparing the error introduced by each of them into the total column and provide recommendations regarding the best approach. First, we analyse CH4 fields from two different models of atmospheric composition – the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System for Composition (C-IFS) and the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model. Secondly, we consider scenarios that simulate the effect of using CH4 climatologies such as those based on balloons or satellite limb soundings. Thirdly, we assess the impact of using a priori profiles used in the satellite retrievals for the stratospheric part of the total column. We find that the models considered in this study have a better estimation of the stratospheric CH4 as compared to the climatology-based data and the satellite a priori profiles. Both the C-IFS and TOMCAT models have a bias of about −9 ppb at the locations where tropospheric vertical profiles will be measured by IAGOS. The C-IFS model, however, has a lower random error (6.5 ppb) than TOMCAT (12.8 ppb). These values are well within the minimum desired accuracy and precision of satellite total column XCH4 retrievals (10 and 34 ppb, respectively). In comparison, the a priori profile from the University of Leicester Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Proxy XCH4 retrieval and climatology-based data introduce larger random errors in the total column, being limited in spatial coverage and temporal variability. Furthermore, we find that the bias in the models varies with latitude and season. Therefore, applying appropriate bias correction to the model fields before using them for profile extension is expected to further decrease the error contributed by the stratospheric part of the profile to the total column.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Carbon Sequestration Costs for Pinus elliottii Afforestation Project of China Greenhouse Gases Voluntary Emission Reduction Program: A Case Study in Jiangxi Province

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 928
Author(s):  
Xian-lei Cao ◽  
Xiu-shan Li ◽  
Tom D. Breeze
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Reduction Program ◽  
The Impact

Afforestation and reforestation (AR) is an important component of China’s Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Voluntary Emission Reduction Program, acting as a valuable nationwide carbon sink. Although a number of studies have explored the costs of creating a carbon sink, such an assessment is lacking for China’s GHG Voluntary Emissions Reduction Program. This study develops an economic carbon sink costs measurement model for the Pinus elliottii afforestation project, based on the land opportunity cost method, which incorporates carbon sink transaction costs and leakage costs. From this, an empirical analysis on the carbon sink costs and its sensitivity factors was conducted. The results show that, firstly, the carbon sequestration costs of afforestation projects are generally high, ranging from 44.2 Yuan/tCO2e to 425.4 Yuan/tCO2e with and without considering the benefits of wood, respectively. This is higher than the current average carbon sink price of 20 Yuan/tCO2e. Secondly, forestry carbon sink transaction costs have a positive impact on carbon sequestration costs, but the impact is weak. Thirdly, carbon sequestration costs are negatively affected by timber prices but positively influenced by increasing labor prices and discount rate, which is not conductive to the development of carbon sink afforestation projects. In order to strengthen role of forestry in combating climate change, the study holds that the government departments should take measures to reduce carbon sink transaction costs, establish and improve the forestry carbon sink compensation mechanism in the future, and encourage wood-processing companies to make technological innovations to produce and sell durable wood products. The project owners can explore multiple operating models to increase their revenue, including market and non-market benefits, when the carbon sink afforestation project has been launched according to relevant methodologies.

scholarly journals Tourism Advertisement Management and Effective Tools in Tourism Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Hassan Salehi ◽  
Morteza Farahbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Promotional Strategies ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The definition of tourism “is the travel for recreational, leisure, family or business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with trans-national travel, but may also refer to travel to another location within the same country”. Tourism as an industry, in today’s modern language is a means of global communication between nations and travelers of all countries, introducing them to the various cultures and societies abroad, as well there history, ancient, historical sites, and languages. Hence, advertising overall has become a tool of necessity in this ever-growing global industry. Given that, tourism is a part of the infrastructure of any country’s economy the growth and development of tourism is of great importance. Advertising plays a vital and is a crucial tool in developing the countries tourism by attractively presenting the nations points-of-interests, historical and cultural. Advertising has a central role in expanding this industry, generating economic growth in this area, as well as creating direct and indirect employment, but most importantly a creative innovating competition in the national and international travel industry. Importantly, to achieve a successful tourist industry, the Travel Agencies and governmental offices of the Ministry’s of Tourism and Business must work hand-in-hand to attain these goals. This article shows the impact of the various media and advertising methods used in tourism, which assisted in identifying the correct tool for expanding the country’s industry of tourism. The results of this study illustrated that the appropriate tools for promotional strategies to attract domestic and foreign traveler’s, found to be the most effective were, handbook, internet advertising, TV, brochures, newspapers.

scholarly journals Measurement report: In situ observations of deep convection without lightning during the tropical cyclone Florence 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 7933-7945
Author(s):  
Clara M. Nussbaumer ◽  
Ivan Tadic ◽  
Dirk Dienhart ◽  
Nijing Wang ◽  
Achim Edtbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Tropical Wave ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Hurricane Florence was the sixth named storm in the Atlantic hurricane season 2018. It caused dozens of deaths and major economic damage. In this study, we present in situ observations of trace gases within tropical storm Florence on 2 September 2018, after it had developed a rotating nature, and of a tropical wave observed close to the African continent on 29 August 2018 as part of the research campaign CAFE Africa (Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Field Experiment in Africa) with HALO (High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft). We show the impact of deep convection on atmospheric composition by measurements of the trace gases nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methyl iodide (CH3I) and by the help of color-enhanced infrared satellite imagery taken by GOES-16. While both systems, i.e., the tropical wave and the tropical storm, are deeply convective, we only find evidence for lightning in the tropical wave using both in situ NO measurements and data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN).

scholarly journals Extending methane profiles from aircraft into the stratosphere for satellite total column validation: A comparative analysis of different data sources

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreeya Verma ◽  
Julia Marshall ◽  
Mark Parrington ◽  
Anna Agusti-Panareda ◽  
Sebastien Massart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. Airborne observations of greenhouse gases are a very useful reference for validation of satellite-based column-averaged dry air mole fraction data. However, since the aircraft data are available only up to about 9–13 km altitude, these profiles do not fully represent the depth of the atmosphere observed by satellites and therefore need to be extended synthetically into the stratosphere. In the near future, observations of CO2 and CH4 made from passenger aircraft are expected to be available through the In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) project. In this study, we analyse three different data sources that are available for the stratospheric extension of aircraft profiles by comparing the error introduced by each of them into the total column and provide recommendations regarding the best approach. First, we analyse CH4 fields from two different models of atmospheric composition – the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System for Composition (C-IFS) and the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model. Secondly, we consider scenarios that simulate the effect of using CH4 climatologies such as those based on balloons or satellite limb soundings. Thirdly, we assess the impact of using a-priori profiles used in the satellite retrievals for the stratospheric part of the total column. We find that the models considered in this study have a better estimation of the stratospheric CH4 as compared to the climatology-based data and the satellite a-priori profiles. Both the C-IFS and TOMCAT models have a bias of about −9 ppb at the locations where tropospheric vertical profiles will be measured by IAGOS. The C-IFS model, however, has a lower random error (6.5 ppb) than TOMCAT (12.8 ppb). These values are well within the minimum desired accuracy and precision of satellite total column XCH4 retrievals (10 ppb and 34 ppb, respectively). In comparison, the a-priori profile from the University of Leicester Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Proxy XCH4 retrieval and climatology-based data introduce larger random errors in the total column, being limited in spatial coverage and temporal variability. Furthermore, we find that the bias in the models varies with latitude and season. Therefore, applying appropriate bias correction to the model fields before using them for profile extension is expected to further decrease the error contributed by the stratospheric part of the profile to the total column.

scholarly journals Past atmospheric composition and chemistry from ice cores - progress and prospects

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric W. Wolff ◽  
Manuel A. Hutterli ◽  
Anna E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Range

Environmental context. Investigating the past is often the only way we have of determining whether we have included all processes correctly into models, and then of verifying their behaviour. Ice cores provide an excellent way of finding out about the past. Air bubbles trapped in the ice allow us to directly access the concentration of stable trace gases, including important greenhouse gases. However, there are also tantalising possibilities to learn about aerosols and shorter-lived gases. This article describes some of the information we have already learnt from ice cores, but also describes the challenges that require understanding of atmospheric chemistry in the polar regions today in order to extract the full value of the records of the past trapped in the ice sheet. Abstract. Ice cores provide the most direct evidence available about the past atmosphere. For long-lived trace gases, ice cores have provided clear evidence that in the last two centuries, concentrations of several greenhouse gases have risen well outside the natural range observed in the previous 650000 years. Major natural changes are also observed between cold and warm periods. Aerosol components have to be interpreted in terms of changing sources, transport and deposition. When this is done, they can also supply evidence about crucial aspects of the past environment, including sea ice extent, trace element deposition to the ocean, and about the aerosols available for cloud nucleation, for example. It is much more difficult to extract information about shorter-lived chemical species. Information may be available in components such as nitrate and formaldehyde, but to extract that information, detailed modern atmospheric studies about air to snow transfer, preservation in the ice, and the link between the polar region boundary layer and other parts of the atmosphere are urgently required.

scholarly journals Measurement report: In situ observations of deep convection without lightning during the tropical cyclone Florence 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Nussbaumer ◽  
Ivan Tadic ◽  
Dirk Dienhart ◽  
Nijing Wang ◽  
Achim Edtbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Tropical Wave ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Hurricane Florence was the sixth named storm in the Atlantic hurricane season 2018. It caused dozens of deaths and major economic damage. In this study, we present in situ observations of trace gases within tropical storm Florence on September 2, 2018 after it had developed a rotating nature, and of a tropical wave observed close to the African continent on August 29, 2018 as part of the research campaign CAFE Africa (Chemistry of the Atmosphere – Field Experiment in Africa) with the HALO (High Altitude Long Range) research aircraft. We show the impact of deep convection on atmospheric composition by measurements of the trace gases nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methyl iodide (CH3I), and by the help of color enhanced infrared satellite imagery taken by GOES-16. While both systems, the tropical wave and the tropical storm, are deeply convective, we only find evidence for lightning in the tropical wave using both in situ NO measurements and data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN).

scholarly journals Evaluation of interactive and prescribed agricultural ammonia emissions for simulating atmospheric composition in CAM-Chem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Vira ◽  
Peter Hess ◽  
Money Ossohou ◽  
Corinne Galy-Lacaux
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) plays a central role in the chemistry of inorganic secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. The largest emission sector for NH3 is agriculture, where NH3 is volatilized from livestock wastes and fertilized soils. Although the NH3 volatilization from soils is driven by the soil temperature and moisture, many atmospheric chemistry models prescribe the emission using yearly emission inventories and climatological seasonal variations. Here we evaluate an alternative approach where the NH3 emissions from agriculture are simulated interactively using the process model FANv2 (Flow of Agricultural Nitrogen, version 2) coupled to the Community Atmospheric Model with Chemistry (CAM-chem). We run a set of six-year global simulations using the NH3 emission from FANv2 and three global emission inventories (EDGAR, CEDS and HTAP) and evaluate the model performance using a global set of multi-component (atmospheric NH3 and NH4+, and NH4+ wet deposition) in-situ observations. Over East Asia, Europe, and North America, the simulations with different emissions perform similarly when compared with the observed geographical patterns. The seasonal distributions of NH3 emissions differ between the inventories, and the comparison to observations suggests that both FANv2 and the inventories would benefit from more realistic timing of fertilizer applications. The largest differences between the simulations occur over data-scarce regions. In Africa, the emissions simulated by FANv2 are 200–300 % higher than in the inventories, and the available in-situ observations from Western and Central Africa, as well as NH3 retrievals from the IASI instrument, are consistent with the higher NH3 emissions as simulated by FANv2. Overall, in simulating ammonia and ammonium concentrations over regions with detailed regional emission inventories, the inventories based on these details (HTAP, CEDS) capture the atmospheric concentrations and their seasonal variability the best. However these inventories can not capture the impact of meteorological variability on the emissions, nor can these inventories couple the emissions to the biogeochemical cycles and their changes with climate drivers. Finally, we show with sensitivity experiments that the simulated time-averaged nitrate concentration in air is sensitive to the temporal resolution of the NH3 emissions. Over the CASTNET monitoring network covering the U.S., resolving the NH3 emissions hourly instead monthly reduced the positive model bias from approximately 80 % to 60 % of the observed yearly mean nitrate concentration. This suggests that some of the commonly reported overestimation of aerosol nitrate over the U.S. may be related to unresolved temporal variability in the NH3 emissions.

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