AI Safety and Reproducibility: Establishing Robust Foundations for the Neuroscience of Human Values

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal P. Sarma ◽  
Nick J. Hay ◽  
Adam Safron
Keyword(s):  
Human Values ◽  
Ai Safety

Moral Machines

2020 ◽  
pp. 383-412
Author(s):  
Wendell Wallach ◽  
Shannon Vallor
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
Moral Machines ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Computational Systems ◽  
Ethical Significance ◽  
Ai Safety

Implementing sensitivity to norms, laws, and human values in computational systems has transitioned from philosophical reflection to an actual engineering challenge. The “value alignment” approach to dealing with superintelligent AIs tends to employ computationally friendly concepts such as utility functions, system goals, agent preferences, and value optimizers, which, this chapter argues, do not have intrinsic ethical significance. This chapter considers what may be lost in the excision of intrinsically ethical concepts from the project of engineering moral machines. It argues that human-level AI and superintelligent systems can be assured to be safe and beneficial only if they embody something like virtue or moral character and that virtue embodiment is a more appropriate long-term goal for AI safety research than value alignment.

scholarly journals AI Safety and Reproducibility: Establishing Robust Foundations for the Neuropsychology of Human Values

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal P. Sarma ◽  
Nick J. Hay ◽  
Adam Safron
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Systematic Effort ◽  
Alignment Problem ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ai Safety

We propose the creation of a systematic effort to identify and replicate key findings in neuroscience and allied fields related to understanding human values. Our aim is to ensure that research underpinning the value alignment problem of artificial intelligence has been sufficiently validated to play a role in the design of AI systems.

scholarly journals AI Ethics and Value Alignment for Nonhuman Animals

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Soenke Ziesche
Keyword(s):  
Human Values ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Alignment Problem ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Do So ◽  
Ai Safety

This article is about a specific, but so far neglected peril of AI, which is that AI systems may become existential as well as causing suffering risks for nonhuman animals. The AI value alignment problem has now been acknowledged as critical for AI safety as well as very hard. However, currently it has only been attempted to align the values of AI systems with human values. It is argued here that this ought to be extended to the values of nonhuman animals since it would be speciesism not to do so. The article focuses on the two subproblems—value extraction and value aggregation—discusses challenges for the integration of values of nonhuman animals and explores approaches to how AI systems could address them.

Which human qualities can economic liberalism be based on?

2015 ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Avtonomov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Values ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Liberal Policy

The article asks which human qualities can serve as the base for a liberal economic policy. The author is looking for an answer to this question in the classical works of economic liberalism - in the books by F. Bastiat, L. von Mises, F. von Hayek, W. Eucken, and M. Friedman. The two main qualities can be summarized as follows: the relatively high rank of freedom among human values and rational utilitarian calculus. It is assumed that in those countries where the both human prerequisites are present the liberal policy (for instance, liberal reforms) can be self-supportive and may have good results. On the contrary, if the first prerequisite is missing and a liberal policy can be based only on rational calculus, the “paternalistic” liberalism prevails and chances for success are much smaller.

Basic Human Values of Russians and Other Europeans (The Results of 2008 Surveys)

2010 ◽  
pp. 107-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Magun ◽  
M. Rudnev
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Value Diversity ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Value Changes ◽  
Fourth Round

The authors rely mainly on the data from the fourth round of the European Social Survey held in 2008 in their comparison between the Russian basic values and the values of the 31 other European countries as measured by Schwartz Portrait Values Questionnaire. The authors start from comparing country averages. Then they compare Russia with the other countries taking into account internal country value diversity. And finally they refine cross-country value comparisons taking the advantage of the multiple regression analysis. As revealed from the study there are important value barriers to the Russian economy and society progress and well targeted cultural policy is needed to promote necessary value changes.

Does Literature Matter Today? Thoughts of the Outside

CounterText ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-113
Author(s):  
Shaobo Xie
Keyword(s):  
Aesthetic Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Lost Cause ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
The World

The paper celebrates the publication of Ranjan Ghosh and J. Hillis Miller's Thinking Literature across Continents as a significant event in the age of neoliberalism. It argues that, in spite of the different premises and the resulting interpretative procedures respectively championed by the two co-authors, both of them anchor their readings of literary texts in a concept of literature that is diametrically opposed to neoliberal rationality, and both impassionedly safeguard human values and experiences that resist the technologisation and marketisation of the humanities and aesthetic education. While Ghosh's readings of literature offer lightning flashes of thought from the outside of the Western tradition, signalling a new culture of reading as well as a new manner of appreciation of the other, Miller dedicatedly speaks and thinks against the hegemony of neoliberal reason, opening our eyes to the kind of change our teaching or reading of literature can trigger in the world, and the role aesthetic education should and can play at a time when the humanities are considered ‘a lost cause’.

Imperatives of Cognitive and Affective Skills for Innovative Problem Solving: A Fresh Perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 662-671
Author(s):  
Dr. Mohan Babu. G. N. ◽  
Sushravya. G. M.
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
Affective Skills ◽  
And Training

Most educational models that prescribe teaching and training methods to groom school children into innovators fail to take a deeper view of engineering design methodology. Yet others tend to ignore the importance of human values which must be an integral part of any innovative design process.  In this paper, We would first disaggregate design capabilities into its constituent capabilities, namely, exploring, creating and converging capabilities, which we need to master to produce better products and services, and then show how the cognitive and affective skills proposed by Benjamin Bloom, and Anderson and Krathwohl in their educational models can directly and significantly contribute to these constituent capabilities. With an improved understanding of the eco-system needed for better design solutions, we suggest that the present education systems, especially in developing countries, be critically reviewed and reoriented from the perspective of producing quality innovative designers, regardless of the problem area.  

Values and occupational choose

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Furfari ◽  
Sílvio Brito ◽  
Valeria Caggiano
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Human Values ◽  
International Literature ◽  
Professional Background ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Abstract Method

Several studies demonstrate that Schwartz’s (2006) theory of human values is valid in cultures previously beyond its range. We measured the 10 value constructs in the theory with the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ), a new and less abstract method. This study explores the influence of values in a professional choose, focusing on the associations between social and professional background. The findings support the construct validity of the test. The results suggest, there is a matching between values and occupational choose, there are evident differences between gender and age. These results confirm the international literature about different gender and value system’s. Its theoretical meaning in the context of Schwartz’s culture-level value theory is discussed.

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