scholarly journals Butadiene Rubber in the Petrochemical Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz K Bubshait
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Rubber Market

The Butadiene is a raw material used in the petrochemical industry. The use of Butadiene has risen with petrochemical market growth. The Global market is forecasting a demand growth for butadiene applications, especially for rubber materials. The estimated synthetic rubber market is $19.1 billion in 2021 and forecasted to reach $23.2 billion in five years. The dynamic growth in butadiene applications will introduce new products used in many things from the food industry to sports and goods. Also, the rubber materials have different applications in the automotive industry, oil and gas, medical products, and plastics. Companies’ strategic planning to increase the production of synthetic rubber for the global market. The demand increased as new applications were introduced to the market. The stability of oil prices will have the rubber market steady which always leads to optimal pricing. The diver for Butadiene rubber applications is to maximize production by having different kind of materials that applied for several products. The global business development indicated the ability to increases the synthetic rubber market rubber and capacities, which will enhance the chemical process techniques, new technology design, and efficiency that will maximize production and minimize product cost. Looking into the price difference between synthetic and natural rubber, many fluctuation variables were introduced in the price of each type. For example, synthetic rubber price is high, depending on crude oil, natural gasoline and naphtha prices, since those feedstocks are fed to the cracking units, as C4 is one of the cracking products. Therefore, any change in the oil prices will influence the butadiene price, which is the feed for most rubber plants. In addition, the utilities required for those plants to operate have a major impact on overall price. On the other hand, Natural rubber is an agricultural product and dependent on soil type and weather.

Chlorinated Isoprene Rubbers in Adhesive Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Zuev ◽  
L.R. Lyusova ◽  
N.P. Boreiko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Research Institute ◽  
Physicomechanical Properties ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Adhesive Materials ◽  
Isoprene Rubber

Now there is not a single area of industry that can do without adhesive elastomer materials. Composites based on synthetic rubbers comprise 75% of the total volume of adhesive materials produced, which is due to the combination of unique properties typical of the elastomer base of the adhesive. The base of many imported adhesives for the bonding of rubber to metal is chlorinated natural rubber. As an alternative, chlorinated synthetic isoprene rubber has been proposed, developed at the Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Rubber in St Petersburg. The chlorinated isoprene rubber was compared with imported chlorinated natural rubber in adhesive composites, and the physicomechanical properties of mixes based on a blend of chlorinated rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber were investigated. The investigation was conducted on chlorinated natural rubber of grade Pergut S20, chlorinated isoprene rubber SKI-3, and nitrile butadiene rubbers of grades BNKS-28AMN and SKN-26S. The influence of the ratio of chlorinated rubber to nitrile butadiene rubber and the technological factors of mix preparation on the properties of films produced from them was established. It was shown that, in terms of the level of properties, home-produced chlorinated rubber can be used as the base for adhesives for hot bonding of rubber to metal instead of imported Pergut S20.

Science and Technology of Reclaimed Rubber

1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. le Beau
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Polymer Processing ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plastic State ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Mechanical Handling

Abstract Developments in the rubber reclaiming industry are closely related to those in the rubber industry in general. The vulcanized rubber produced by the latter becomes in time the raw material used by the former. Although not superficially obvious, there has been considerable change in the reclaiming industry in the past two decades, required by the introduction of large proportions of synthetic rubber. Since this occurs both alone and in blends with natural rubber, reclaiming of SBR had to be studied in detail so that processes could be adjusted to give approximately the same viscosity from synthetic rubber and from natural, retaining existing procedures for fiber removal and mechanical handling as much as possible. It would have been economically impossible for reclaimers to use any process which required segregation and separate disposal of a substantial part of their raw material. The machinery used in the production of reclaim, and the reclaiming processes used today, are for the major part still the same as used before. The object of reclaiming vulcanized scrap is still the same, i.e., the breakdown (depolymerization) of the scrap to a plastic state which will permit reuse of it in the current rubber processing machinery for the manufacture of new goods. This breakdown is achieved by the application of energy. The type of energy is fundamentally irrelevant, but economics today dictate that it be heat, with partial exclusion of the oxidizing atmosphere, and therefore most of today's reclaim production is carried out in steam. One new continuous reclaiming process was developed during the last fifteen years which relies on electric energy to provide the necessary heat and working of the vulcanized scrap. A fundamental change in requirements of reclaim was also brought about once the synthetic rubber production had proceeded to the point where it was commercially possible to assign more detailed specifications which described the polymer processing behavior limits—a feat not previously achieved for commercial natural rubber. This type of specification was carred over to a considerable extent into the production and sale of today's reclaim. All in all, the extensive research and polymer knowledge which were acquired for the successful production of synthetic rubber have resulted in a much greater control in the production of reclaim and a much greater understanding of the reactions occurring in polymers during reclaiming. Because vulcanized scrap usually contains extraneous material (fiber) which must be removed during reclaiming the process conditions have in the past been selected primarily to accomplish this removal and were not those best suited for the actual reclaiming reaction. Progress has been made during these last years in removing the fibrous materials before reclamation, thereby permitting conditions in the devulcanization cycle to be determined by the actual needs of the vulcanized scrap.

scholarly journals Study of the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites with Synthetic Rubber Using Used Cooking Oil as a Softener

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
Nasruddin Nasruddin ◽  
Tri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Automatic Heat ◽  
The Difference

This research aims to study the mechanical properties of natural rubber composites with nitrile butadiene rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. Composite fillers consisted of kaolin, and softener using used cooking oil. The study was carried out by the method of mastication, vulcanization, and maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates. The vulcanization and mastication process is carried out in the open mill. The maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates from the results of mastication and vulcanization was carried out using semi-automatic heat press and press at a temperature of 130 °C ± 2 °C for 17 min. Based on data from testing the mechanical properties of five samples from five formulas, the mechanical properties of composite rubber are affected by the ratio of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, kaolin, and used cooking oil as a softener. The difference in the results of vulcanizates rubber testing of natural rubber composites with synthetic rubber is not only influenced by the ratio of the composite, but also by the degree of cross-linking between the material molecules.

scholarly journals Mechanical and morphology characteristics of natural rubber-styrene butadiene rubber (NR-SBR) blends in the presence of natural microbentonite

2021 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 012072
Author(s):  
B Wirjosentono ◽  
A H Siregar ◽  
D A Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Morphology Characteristics ◽  
Xylene Solution

Abstract Natural rubber (NR) has been the world renewable natural elastomer produced mainly in South East Asia from the sap of rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis). However it only exported to manufacturing countries for production of various engineering and specialty rubber products. Blending of the natural rubber with synthetic rubber such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is a mean to improve engineering specification of the NR, especially due to exposure of mineral oils during its service life. Whereas natural microbentonite functions not only as filler but also as coagulant breaker in both SIR-10 and SBR matrices, which improves miscibility of the blends. In this work blending of Indonesian natural rubber (NR: SIR-10) with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) were carried out in reflux reactor in xylene solution in the presence of various loading of natural microbentonite as fillers. Miscibility of the blends were measured from their mechanical properties as well as morphology of their fracture surfaces using electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that optimum loading of microbentonite in the NR/SBR (weight ratio: 50/50) blend was 3 per hundred rubber (phr), which showed good adhesion of the rubber matrices onto the filler surface and without any agglomeration.

Influence of Mixing Procedure on Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 1024 ◽  
pp. 175-178
Author(s):  
Mazlina Mustafa Kamal ◽  
Dayang Habibah Abang Asmawi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Dispersion Agent ◽  
Mooney Viscosity

Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styrene –butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR), were recognized by major tyre manufacturer. However, the use of silica compounds entails considerable disadvantages in terms of raw material costs and processability (before vulcanization). These difficulties include higher compound Mooney Viscosity (ML1+4) that increases upon storage, short scorch time and environmental problems related to alcohol evolution. The high viscosity and poor processability in silica filled rubber compounds are believed to be associated with silica reaggregation (self aggregation) after rubber compounding. The study has been made of the effect of increased mixing stage and dispersion agent in rubber on uncured properties of the Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds. In this experiment, two orders of mixing were considered (1) Two Stages Mixing and (2) Three Stages Mixing. Results showed that filler dispersion, Mooney Viscosity and Payne Effect was influenced by the degree of mixing. The incorporation of dispersion agents in the compounds also resultant in the similar manner. It is believed that the dispersion agent could coat the silica surfaces as they are being broken down during the mixing and then stabilize the dispersed structure by stearically preventing silica reagglomeration.

Reactions of Iodine, Iodine Chloride and Thiocyanogen with the Hydrocarbons of Natural Rubber and Synthetic Rubber

1945 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
P. I. Medvedchuk ◽  
F. D. Aldoshin ◽  
V. P. Marovich ◽  
A. V. Repman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Iodine Chloride

Abstract The reactions of iodine, iodine chloride and thiocyanogen with solutions of natural rubber and of synthetic sodium-butadiene rubber were studied. The experimental results show that the chemical properties of these two hydrocarbons are in general similar, although there are also certain differences which can be explained by the peculiarities of their structures. The products of the reactions of iodine chloride and of thiocyanogen with natural rubber and sodium-butadiene rubber were isolated, and their compositions and some of their properties are described.

Qualitative Spot Tests for Rubber Polymers

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 832-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Burchfield
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Spot Tests ◽  
Representative Samples

Abstract To eliminate processing difficulties and ensure the production of standard natural and synthetic rubber reclaims, the scrap used as the raw material must be carefully segregated. When mold markings are lost, or large consignments of miscellaneous scrap are received, methods for distinguishing between the basic polymers are necessary. This paper describes a new color reaction which will serve to characterize natural rubber, GR-S, and Perbunan. Confirmatory tests included in the same operation distinguish between the remaining commercially important types. The procedure is sufficiently rapid to be practical in the testing of representative samples from carload shipments, or for establishing the identity of materials on which indecisive results are obtained by less specific methods. For the routine assortment of scrap, spot tests are proposed, which are carried out by holding impregnated filter paper strips in the smoke emitted when the sample is branded with a metal rod heated to redness. Color changes take place which indicate the nature of the polymer. One test distinguishes between natural rubber and GR-S ; a second is specific for Butyl ; a third differentiates Neoprene-GN, Neoprene-ILS, and Perbunan from one another and from the hydrocarbon rubbers. The spot reactions can be carried out very rapidly, and are particularly useful when large numbers of samples must be examined.

Experiments on Synthetic Rubbers of the Butadiene Type. II. Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Buna Ebonites

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-730
Author(s):  
J. R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Normal Amount ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Plastic Yield ◽  
Synthetic Rubber

Abstract The experiments described here were designed to examine the properties of ebonites made from various kinds of Buna synthetic rubber, including Buna-85, Buna-115, Buna-S and Buna-N. All Bunas are said to form ebonites by vulcanization with the normal amount of sulfur, Buna-85 and Buna-115 giving the best products. The resulting ebonites are stated to have much higher plastic yield temperatures than ordinary ebonite, figures quoted ranging from 100° to 175° C by the Martens test, compared with 70° to 90° C for natural-rubber ebonites. It may be added that Russian butadiene rubber likewise is claimed to give ebonites with much higher yield temperatures, namely, up to 160° C by a Vicat needle test, than ordinary ebonites, which give about 93° C. On the other hand, Buna ebonites are relatively brittle. The electrical properties of these ebonites are said to be good, and in this connection it should be noted that soft vulcanizates made from Buna-85 and Buna-115 have lower power factors than those made from natural rubber. Buna ebonites are more resistant than ordinary ebonite to attack by chemicals and to the swelling action of liquids such as benzene and nitrobenzene. The present report deals with certain properties of Buna ebonites, viz., plastic yield, cross-breaking strength, impact strength, radio-frequency permittivity and power factor.

The Determination of Unsaturation in Butadiene Synthetic Rubber

1948 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 830-834
Author(s):  
P. P. Kobeko ◽  
E. K. Moskvina
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Addition Product ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Iodine Chloride ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract 1. It has been found that synthetic rubber does not precipitate from a solution of dichloromethane by the addition of Wijs reagent, whereas natural rubber does precipitate under the same conditions. The reverse relation occurs with carbon disulfide as solvent. 2. A method has been developed for the determination of the unsaturation of butadiene rubber in solution in dichloromethane by the use of Wijs reagent. 3. It has been demonstrated that, by the use of a solution of iodine chloride in carbon tetrachloride, the reaction with rubber is complicated by the hydrolysis of iodine chloride during titration, but not by the substitution of hydrogen by halogen nor by the hydrolysis of the rubber-halogen addition product. 4. The possibility of obtaining accurate values for unsaturation by a calculation of this hydrolysis is demonstrated. 5. Two methods have been developed for the determination of the unsaturation of natural and butadiene rubbers.

Knowledge Management of Net Requirements in Using Natural Rubber in Thai Rubber Industry to Support the Increase in Using Natural Rubber within Thailand

2016 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Pran Hanthanon ◽  
Thiti Kaisone ◽  
Chanon Wiphanurat ◽  
Tarinee Nampitch
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
C Nmr

A blend of natural rubber (NR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was tested against conventional rubber products sold in department stores and markets, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure the amount of natural or synthetic rubber in the product. 1H-NMR spectroscopy was employed for the rubber blend and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for conventional products. The chemical shift of all the samples from the structure of natural rubber (cis-1,4 polyisoprene) was observed.

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