Influence of bifurcation on thinning, productivity and harvester production costs of Pinus taeda L.

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.08.p2377 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1259-1263

Author(s):

Carlos Cézar Cavassin Diniz ◽

Romano Timofeiczyk Junior ◽

Renato Gonçalves Robert ◽

Eduardo da Silva Lopes ◽

João Carlos Garzel Leodoro da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Cycle Time ◽

Production Costs ◽

Total Production ◽

Plantation Forest ◽

Operating Cycle ◽

Operational Cycle ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Motion Study ◽

Pinus Taeda L

In this work, we present that how bifurcation in Pinus trees can influence productivity and harvester production costs. Our example draws from one harvesting machine that works in thinning operations in forest plantations of Pinus taeda L. in a small Brazilian forestry company. To get daily productivity, we use the machine’s system, which provides such daily information as total production. We also used a time and motion study to obtain the meantime to cut, delimb, and process the tree stem into logs. In this way, we separated the normal trees from the forked trees to get the operating cycle time of the machine and get the productivity to the two types of trees. The continuous timing method was used for this purpose. The results show an increase of up to 22.9% in the operational cycle time for cutting forked trees, resulting in reduction of productivity of 5.58 m³ for each hour worked. The production cost increased by 23.3% on operation of forked trees, as the machine took more time to perform the partial activities of the operational cycle. This study can help many companies and contractors to calculate the appropriate productivity and production harvest cost according to the type of tree stems from the plantation forest.

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INFLUENCE OF WHEELED TYPES OF A Skidder ON PRODUCTIVITY AND COST OF THE FOREST HARVESTING

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v44i1.31356 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eduardo Silva Lopes ◽

Diego De Oliveira ◽

Jean Alberto Sampietro

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Operating Efficiency ◽

Time And Motion Study ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Operational Costs ◽

Wood Extraction ◽

Motion Study ◽

Pinus Taeda L ◽

Lower Production

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different wheel types of a skidder on productivity and cost of Pinus taeda L. wood extraction. The study was conducted in a forestry company located in the municipality of Mandirituba, Paraná state, Brazil. The technical and cost analyses included a time and motion study of the wood extraction activity. The productivity, operative efficiency, energy consumption and the production and operational costs were determined for the machines with different wheel types: SDP - skidder with rubber tires; SD2 – skidder with tracks on the two front tires; and SD4 – skidder with tracks on the four tires. Results showed that the activity that demanded most time in the operational cycle was the maneuvering of the machines to pick up more than one tree, resulting in lost of productivity and need of improvement in the operational planning. The skidder equipped only with rubber tires showed higher productivity and lower production cost in the longest extraction distances, caused by the higher operating speed of the machine.Keywords: Timber extraction; wheel types; operating efficiency. ResumoInfluência dos rodados de um skidder na produtividade e no custo da extração florestal. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de diferentes tipos de rodados de um skidder na produtividade e no custo da extração de madeira de Pinus taeda L. O estudo foi conduzido em uma empresa florestal localizada no município de Mandirituba, estado do Paraná, Brasil. As análises técnica e de custo englobaram um estudo de tempos e movimentos da operação de extração florestal. Foi determinado a produtividade, eficiência operacional, rendimento energético e custos operacionais e de produção das máquinas equipadas com diferentes tipos de rodados: SDP – skidder com rodados de pneus; SD2 – skidder com pneus dianteiros recobertos com semiesteiras e SD4 – skidder com os quatro pneus recobertos com semiesteiras. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade que demandou o maior tempo do ciclo operacional foram as manobras realizadas pelas máquinas para apanhar mais de uma árvore, ocasionando perda de produtividade e necessidade de melhoria no planejamento operacional. O skidder equipado somente com rodados de pneus apresentou maior produtividade e menor custo de produção nas maiores distâncias de extração, ocasionado pela maior velocidade operacional da máquina.Palavras-chave: Extração florestal; tipos de rodados; eficiência operacional.

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Performance of a whole tree mechanised timber harvesting system when clear-felling a 32-year-old Pinus taeda L. stand

New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science ◽

10.33494/nzjfs512021x96x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

Author(s):

Natali De Oliveira Pitz ◽

Jean Alberto Sampietro ◽

Erasmo Luis Tonett ◽

Luis Henrique Ferrari ◽

Philipe Ricardo Casemiro Soares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Timber Harvesting ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Operational Performance ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Motion Study ◽

Harvesting Systems ◽

Pinus Taeda L ◽

Tree Extraction ◽

Whole Tree

Background: Work studies are fundamental for the development and assessment of timber harvesting systems aimed at rationalising and improving forest management activities. Methods: This study evaluated the operational performance of a mechanised whole-tree harvesting system in 32-year-old Pinus taeda L. stands producing multiple timber products. A time and motion study at the cycle element level was conducted to evaluate the operational performance of each component of the harvesting system. Equations were developed to estimate the productivity of tree extraction activity with a wheeled skidder and log loading with a mechanical loader. Results: Tree felling with an excavator-based harvester had the highest mean productivity (135 m3 per productive machine hour), followed by tree extraction with a wheeled skidder (117 m3 per productive machine hour), while manually processing larger logs with a chainsaw had the lowest productivity (25.7 m3 per productive machine hour). Operator, extraction distance and mean log volume had a significant effect on the performance of different activities and were included in productivity models. Conclusions: Operational performance of equipment was variable and dependent on the effect of the operator, extraction distance and log volume. Thus, the use of models to estimate productivity considering such factors, coupled with reduced delays to increase utilisation of equipment, will contribute to the better management and planning of forest harvesting operations under the evaluated conditions.

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AVALIAÇÃO TÉCNICA E DE CUSTOS DE PODA MANUAL E SEMIMECANIZADA EM PLANTIOS DE Pinus taeda

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v42i4.26952 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 691

Author(s):

Felipe Martins Oliveira ◽

Eduardo Silva Lopes ◽

Jorge Roberto Malinovski ◽

Rafael Henrique Da Silva ◽

Carla Krulikowski Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Cost Analysis ◽

Pinus Taeda ◽

Production Costs ◽

Cost Evaluation ◽

Planted Forests ◽

Productivity Cost ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Lower Productivity ◽

Pinus Taeda L

ResumoO objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar uma avaliação técnica e de custos das atividades de poda manual e semimecanizada em plantios de Pinus taeda L., visando gerar informações para o aumento da produtividade, melhoria da qualidade e redução dos custos de produção. A pesquisa foi conduzida em uma empresa prestadora de serviços florestais, localizada na região do Norte Pioneiro, Estado do Paraná. Foram estudadas as atividades de podas executadas a 2,5 m; 4,0 m e 5,0 m de altura. A avaliação técnica consistiu em um estudo de tempos e movimentos, determinando a produtividade, a eficiência operacional e a qualidade das operações, verificando a presença de tocos de galhos e injúrias no lenho. A análise de custos foi feita por meio da determinação dos custos operacionais e de produção. Os resultados mostraram que a poda manual apresentou menor produtividade em relação ao método semimecanizado, porém proporcionou melhor qualidade do trabalho em termos de injúrias no lenho das árvores. Apesar do maior custo de produção, a execução das podas mais altas pelo método semimecanizado tornou-se viável técnica e economicamente devido à melhor qualidade do trabalho em relação à presença de tocos de galhos e possíveis benefícios ergonômicos aos trabalhadores. AbstractTechnical and cost evaluation of manual and semi-mechanized pruning in plantations of Pinus taeda. The objective of this research was to conduct technical and cost analysis of pruning in Pinus taeda L. planted forests by semi-mechanized and manual methods to increase productivity, improve the quality and reduction of costs. The research was conducted in a forest service company, located in the State of Parana, Brazil. There was studied the pruning to 2.5 m, 4.0 m and 5.0 m high. The technical evaluation consisted of a time and motion study, determining the productivity, operational efficiency and the quality of activities verifying the presence of branch stumps and injuries in the wood. The cost analysis was done by determining operating and production costs. The results showed that manual pruning had lower productivity compared to the semi-mechanized method, provided even better quality of work over terms apparent injuries on wood. Though even higher production cost, the implementation of pruning higher by semi-mechanized methods becomes more technical and economically, caused by better quality work in relation to the branch stumps and possible ergonomics benefits to workers.Keywords: Productivity; cost; pruning and silviculture.

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PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS OF FOREST CUTTING IN A PINE STAND UNDER TWO THINNING METHODS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v50i4.66647 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1883

Author(s):

Oscar Manuel de Jesús Vera Cabral ◽

Eduardo Da Silva Lopes ◽

Carla Krulikowski Rodrigues ◽

Afonso Figueiredo Filho

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Wood Products ◽

Production Costs ◽

Productive Capacity ◽

Cycle Times ◽

Working Cycle ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Motion Study ◽

Consequent Reduction

The need for higher value-added wood products and the high cost of mechanized operations stimulate the development of new thinning methods in order to provide gains in productive capacity of forest stands. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of two thinning methods on productivity and costs of the forest harvesting in the generation of multi‐products. The study was carried out in a 10-year-old Pinus taeda stand under to two thinning methods: TH5 (harvester, with systematic harvesting of the fifth tree row and selective in adjacent rows); and TH7 (chainsaw and harvester, with systematic harvesting of the seventh tree row and selective in adjacent rows). We determined the working cycle times, productivity, and production costs through a time and motion study, with the averages of partial and total times being compared between thinning methods by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test (α ≤ 0.05). From the obtained results, it was found that the thinning methods directly affected the harvester’s partial and total times, with the largest time obtained in the TH7 thinning method due to the need to locate previously cut trees by chainsaw, with a consequent reduction in the productivity and an increase in the production costs when compared to the TH5 method. However, despite the higher production cost, the TH7 method showed potential with the use of mechanization in all activities, making it possible to increase selective thinning and contribute to gains in forest stand quality.

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EFFECT OF WORKING RANGE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS OF HARVESTING MACHINES IN A EUCALYPTUS STAND

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v50i3.64943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 1595

Author(s):

Diane Janaine Ruthes ◽

Eduardo Da Silva Lopes ◽

Carla Krulikowski Rodrigues ◽

Matheus Kaminski Candido Da Silva ◽

Ranielle Camilo Canesso

Keyword(s):

Environmental Benefits ◽

Production Costs ◽

Scale Production ◽

Operating Cycle ◽

Wood Harvesting ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Clear Cutting ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Wood Extraction ◽

Work Cycle

Wood harvesting should be planned to reduce environmental impacts by minimizing machine traffic, increase productivity and reduce costs. In this context, the aim of this study was evaluate the effect of working range on operational performance of a harvester and forwarder in a Eucalyptus saligna stand under a clear cutting regime. The study was carried out in Paraná State, Brazil, in a cut‐to‐length system in cutting and wood extraction operations in two working ranges: T1 - width of 12 m with a cut of four planting lines; and T2 - width of 18 m with a cut of six planting lines. A time and motion study was performed to determine work cycle times, productivity, production costs, and machine traffic, with working ranges compared by the t-test (α = 0.05) for independent samples. The results showed that the wood processing and loading elements consumed the longest operating cycle time in cutting and wood extraction. The harvester machine presented higher productivity (61.05 m³ PMH0-1) in the T1 working range, while the forwarder was superior (48.32 m³ PMH0-1) in the T2 working range. Regarding the wood harvesting system, it was observed that the T2 working range enabled a reduction of 1% in production costs, which is important when considering the large scale production of the company, while there was a 33.4% reduction in traffic. Therefore, an increase in machines’ working range can provide operational and environmental benefits to wood harvesting operations in forest plantations.

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Natural Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Productivity Through 53 Years of Management under Four Reproduction Cutting Methods

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/25.1.7 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 7-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Michael D. Cain ◽

Michael G. Shelton

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Coastal Plain ◽

Total Production ◽

Shortleaf Pine ◽

Forest Landowners ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Volume Production ◽

Pinus Taeda L ◽

Productive Method

Abstract A study was initiated in 1943 to evaluate the long-term productivity of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pines (P. echinata Mill.) when managed under four reproduction cutting methods—clearcut, heavy seedtree, diameter-limit, and selection—on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas. Early volume production reflected retention of residual pines, and the clearcut was the least productive method through the first 36 yr. After 53 yr, there were no statistically significant (P = 0.07) differences among cutting methods in sawlog volume production, which averaged 3,800 ft3/ac. In terms of sawlog volume (bd ft/ac, Doyle scale), total production on clearcut, seedtree, and selection plots exceeded (P < 0.01) that on diameter-limit plots by 37%, but there were no differences in sawlog volume production among the other cutting methods. Results suggest that forest landowners should consider the advantages and disadvantages of each cutting method when planning their long-term objectives. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):7–16.

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PERFORMANCE OF GRAPPLE SKIDDER IN DIFFERENT GROUND INCLINATIONS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v49i1.55744 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 041

Author(s):

Carlos Cezar Cavassin Diniz ◽

Nelson Yoshihiro Nakajima ◽

Renato Cesar Gonçalves Robert ◽

Cícero Jorge Fonseca Dolácio ◽

Franciele Alba da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Cycle Time ◽

Steep Slope ◽

Time Study ◽

Forest Operations ◽

Operations Planning ◽

Operational Cycle ◽

Forestry Sector ◽

The Times ◽

Slope Class

Land slope contributes to decrease the productivity in the forestry sector activities, including skidding operations. Thus, it is important to study it in order to improve the forest operations planning. Based on this hypothesis, this study aims to analyze the times of the operational cycle and the productivity of the skidder in slope terrain. The study was conducted in Pinus taeda plantations of a forest company located in the CentralWest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, in three slope classes: flat to moderate, steep and very steep. The data were obtained by the continuous timing method in a time study. Productivity and mean effective cycle time were determined for the three slope classes. The results show that the search and load and the unloading slopes are the ones that consume less time between the activities evaluated in the operational cycle. Considering the slope classes evaluated, flat to moderate and steep require less time to perform all activities of the operational cycle, and their productivities are higher, when compared to the very steep slope class. The productivity of the very steep slope class was 35.3% and 45.0% lower than the flat to moderate and steep classes, respectively. Skidding with skidder on slopes over 26.1º should be avoided because the productivity is negatively influenced in this condition.

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EFEITO DE VARIÁVEIS OPERACIONAIS NA PRODUTIVIDADE DE UM HARVESTER DE PNEUS NO DESBASTE DE PINUS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v47i4.51112 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 417 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eduardo Silva Lopes ◽

Felipe Martins Oliveira ◽

Bruna Letícia Roza

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Operational Efficiency ◽

Average Volume ◽

Operational Cycle ◽

Terrain Slope ◽

Operational Variables ◽

Machine Productivity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pinus Taeda L ◽

Individual Trees

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da declividade do terreno, volume da árvore e tempo do ciclo operacional na produtividade de um harvester de pneus no desbaste de povoamento de pinus. O estudo foi realizado em uma empresa florestal no estado do Paraná, em povoamento de Pinus taeda L. submetido ao primeiro desbaste comercial aos 10 anos de idade, o qual foi realizado de forma sistemática na 7ª linha de plantio e seletivo nas linhas adjacentes. Foi realizado um estudo de tempos e movimentos da operação de corte pelo método de cronometragem de tempos contínuos, determinando-se a disponibilidade mecânica, a eficiência operacional e a produtividade. Foram ajustados modelos para estimar a produtividade da máquina em função do volume médio individual das árvores e do tempo do ciclo operacional em diferentes declividades do terreno. Os resultados mostraram que a disponibilidade mecânica e a eficiência operacional média foram de 91% e 83%, respectivamente. A produtividade média da máquina foi de 15,4 m³/he, não apresentando diferença significativa entre as declividades do terreno. Houve aumento significativo da produtividade da máquina no corte de árvores com volume médio acima de 0,19 m³. As variáveis declividade do terreno, volume da árvore e tempo do ciclo operacional explicaram 69% da produtividade do harvester na execução do corte em povoamentos de pinus submetidos ao primeiro de desbaste, podendo tais informações ser usadas no planejamento das operações florestais.Palavras-chave: Corte florestal; desbaste mecanizado; produtividade. AbstractEffect of operational variables on the productivity of a harvest of tire in thinning of pine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of terrain slope, tree volume and time of the operational cycle on the productivity of a wheeled harvester in the thinning of a pine stand. The study was in a Pinus taeda L. plantation under first thinning at 10 years old, carried out systematically at 7th row and selective in adjacent rows, conducted in a forestry company in Paraná, Brazil. A motion and time study of the cutting operational cycle was carried out, determining the mechanical availability, operational efficiency and productivity. Models were fitted to estimate the machine productivity in function of average volume of individual trees and time of operational cycle in the different slope conditions. The results showed that the average mechanical availability and operational efficiency were 91% and 83%, respectively. The machine average productivity was 15.4 m³/eh, with no significant difference between the terrain slopes. There was significant increase in productivity of machine at the cut trees with average volume above 0.19 m³. The terrain slope, tree volume and time of the operational cycle variables explained 69% of the harvester productivity in the cutting of pine stands submitted to the first thinning. These information can be used in the planning of forestry operations.Keywords: Forest cutting; thinning mechanized; productivity.

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EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL TREE VOLUME ON OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF HARVESTER PROCESSOR

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v49i2.58233 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 345

Author(s):

Carla Krulikowski Rodrigues ◽

Eduardo Da Silva Lopes ◽

André Leonardo Nasser Pereira ◽

Jean Alberto Sampietro

Keyword(s):

Timber Harvest ◽

Operational Efficiency ◽

Production Costs ◽

Operational Performance ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Operational Cycle ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Individual

The need to obtain multi-products from the forest makes the wood processing an important step in the timber harvest, being necessary, then, to understand the influence of the stand characteristics on the operational performance of the machines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the individual tree volume on the operational performance of the harvester forest processor in Pinus taeda L. stands, in order to assist in planning operations and reducing production costs. The analyzes were carried out by means of a time and motion study, determining the time consumed in the phases of the operational cycle, mechanical availability, operational efficiency, productivity, and production costs in three stands with different individual mean volumes (IMV): I (1.21 m3 tree-1); II (1.34 m3 tree-1) and III (1.61 m3 tree-1). In a completely randomized design, the averages of the variables were compared, as well as models for estimating productivity and production costs were fitted according to individual tree volume. The results showed that the processing element consumed a significant part of the total operational cycle time, with 46, 53 and 64% in treatments I, II and III, respectively, with an average operational efficiency of 56% in all treatments. Productivity increase and reduction of production costs were observed in the order of 43 and 30%, respectively, with the increase in IMV from 1.21 to 1.61 m3 tree-1. Such behavior can be represented by the third degree polynomial, which demonstrated the operational limit of 1.5 m3 tree-1 for the harvester forest processor.

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