scholarly journals Performance of a whole tree mechanised timber harvesting system when clear-felling a 32-year-old Pinus taeda L. stand

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natali De Oliveira Pitz ◽  
Jean Alberto Sampietro ◽  
Erasmo Luis Tonett ◽  
Luis Henrique Ferrari ◽  
Philipe Ricardo Casemiro Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Tree Extraction ◽  
Whole Tree

Background: Work studies are fundamental for the development and assessment of timber harvesting systems aimed at rationalising and improving forest management activities.   Methods: This study evaluated the operational performance of a mechanised whole-tree harvesting system in 32-year-old Pinus taeda L. stands producing multiple timber products. A time and motion study at the cycle element level was conducted to evaluate the operational performance of each component of the harvesting system. Equations were developed to estimate the productivity of tree extraction activity with a wheeled skidder and log loading with a mechanical loader. Results: Tree felling with an excavator-based harvester had the highest mean productivity (135 m3 per productive machine hour), followed by tree extraction with a wheeled skidder (117 m3 per productive machine hour), while manually processing larger logs with a chainsaw had the lowest productivity (25.7 m3 per productive machine hour). Operator, extraction distance and mean log volume had a significant effect on the performance of different activities and were included in productivity models. Conclusions: Operational performance of equipment was variable and dependent on the effect of the operator, extraction distance and log volume. Thus, the use of models to estimate productivity considering such factors, coupled with reduced delays to increase utilisation of equipment, will contribute to the better management and planning of forest harvesting operations under the evaluated conditions.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF WHEELED TYPES OF A Skidder ON PRODUCTIVITY AND COST OF THE FOREST HARVESTING

FLORESTA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Silva Lopes ◽  
Diego De Oliveira ◽  
Jean Alberto Sampietro
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Time And Motion Study ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Wood Extraction ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Lower Production

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different wheel types of a skidder on productivity and cost of Pinus taeda L. wood extraction. The study was conducted in a forestry company located in the municipality of Mandirituba, Paraná state, Brazil. The technical and cost analyses included a time and motion study of the wood extraction activity. The productivity, operative efficiency, energy consumption and the production and operational costs were determined for the machines with different wheel types: SDP - skidder with rubber tires; SD2 – skidder with tracks on the two front tires; and SD4 – skidder with tracks on the four tires. Results showed that the activity that demanded most time in the operational cycle was the maneuvering of the machines to pick up more than one tree, resulting in lost of productivity and need of improvement in the operational planning. The skidder equipped only with rubber tires showed higher productivity and lower production cost in the longest extraction distances, caused by the higher operating speed of the machine.Keywords: Timber extraction; wheel types; operating efficiency. ResumoInfluência dos rodados de um skidder na produtividade e no custo da extração florestal. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de diferentes tipos de rodados de um skidder na produtividade e no custo da extração de madeira de Pinus taeda L. O estudo foi conduzido em uma empresa florestal localizada no município de Mandirituba, estado do Paraná, Brasil. As análises técnica e de custo englobaram um estudo de tempos e movimentos da operação de extração florestal. Foi determinado a produtividade, eficiência operacional, rendimento energético e custos operacionais e de produção das máquinas equipadas com diferentes tipos de rodados: SDP – skidder com rodados de pneus; SD2 – skidder com pneus dianteiros recobertos com semiesteiras e SD4 – skidder com os quatro pneus recobertos com semiesteiras. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade que demandou o maior tempo do ciclo operacional foram as manobras realizadas pelas máquinas para apanhar mais de uma árvore, ocasionando perda de produtividade e necessidade de melhoria no planejamento operacional. O skidder equipado somente com rodados de pneus apresentou maior produtividade e menor custo de produção nas maiores distâncias de extração, ocasionado pela maior velocidade operacional da máquina.Palavras-chave: Extração florestal; tipos de rodados; eficiência operacional.

scholarly journals Influence of bifurcation on thinning, productivity and harvester production costs of Pinus taeda L.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1259-1263
Author(s):  
Carlos Cézar Cavassin Diniz ◽  
Romano Timofeiczyk Junior ◽  
Renato Gonçalves Robert ◽  
Eduardo da Silva Lopes ◽  
João Carlos Garzel Leodoro da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Operational Cycle ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

In this work, we present that how bifurcation in Pinus trees can influence productivity and harvester production costs. Our example draws from one harvesting machine that works in thinning operations in forest plantations of Pinus taeda L. in a small Brazilian forestry company. To get daily productivity, we use the machine’s system, which provides such daily information as total production. We also used a time and motion study to obtain the meantime to cut, delimb, and process the tree stem into logs. In this way, we separated the normal trees from the forked trees to get the operating cycle time of the machine and get the productivity to the two types of trees. The continuous timing method was used for this purpose. The results show an increase of up to 22.9% in the operational cycle time for cutting forked trees, resulting in reduction of productivity of 5.58 m³ for each hour worked. The production cost increased by 23.3% on operation of forked trees, as the machine took more time to perform the partial activities of the operational cycle. This study can help many companies and contractors to calculate the appropriate productivity and production harvest cost according to the type of tree stems from the plantation forest.

scholarly journals ESTIMATIVA DE PODER CALORÍFICO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO PARA USO ENERGÉTICO DE RESÍDUOS DA COLHEITA E DO PROCESSAMENTO DE Pinus taeda

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Moura de Souza ◽  
Dimas Agostinho Silva ◽  
Roberto Rochadelli ◽  
Rosimeire Cavalcante dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Power Estimate ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar, mediante caracterização, o aproveitamento de resíduos florestais e madeireiros para fins energéticos. A obtenção dos materiais foi feita em uma empresa que realiza a colheita e o processamento da madeira de Pinus taeda L. situada no município de Tunas do Paraná, PR. Foram identificadas as fontes geradoras dos resíduos do processamento e procedeu-se à coleta dos materiais e do resíduo proveniente da colheita florestal. Os resíduos foram caracterizados de acordo com a umidade, poder calorífico, densidade e teores de carbono fixo e cinzas. Foi feito um ajuste de modelos matemáticos que pudessem expressar a relação entre umidade e poder calorífico para os materiais. As costaneiras e o resíduo da colheita apresentaram elevados teores de umidade e as costaneiras maior densidade e maior teor de carbono fixo. O teor de cinzas foi estatisticamente igual para todos os materiais. O poder calorífico superior se apresentou na faixa de 4.550 e 4.950 kcal/kg, e o poder calorífico útil (material úmido) para as costaneiras e os resíduos da colheita apresentou uma relevante queda, visto o elevado teor de umidade. O modelo de regressão selecionado pôde expressar em mais de 97% a relação entre poder calorífico e teor de umidade.Palavras-chave: Resíduos de madeira; uso energético; teor de umidade. AbstractCalorific Power estimate and characterization of residues from harvesting and processing of Pinus taeda for energy purposes. This study aimed to evaluate, by characterization, the use of forest and woody residues for energy purposes. The material was collected from a company engaged in wood harvesting and processing of Pinus taeda L., the sources of waste processing have been identified and  then it was collect the materials, as well as the residues from forest harvesting. The residues were characterized according to moisture, calorific value, density and levels that fixed carbon and ash. It was done a mathematical adjustment of models that could express the relation between moisture and caloric value for the materials. The slabs and crop residues presented high levels of humidity and the slabs had higher density and higher fixed carbon content. The ash content was statistically equal for all materials. The calorific value was between 4550 and 4950 kcal/kg; the useful calorific value for slabs and crop residues revealed an important decrease caused by high moisture content of these materials. The model of regression selected could express in more than 97% the relation between caloric value and of moisture content.Keywords: Forest residues; energetic use; moisture content.

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS OF FOREST CUTTING IN A PINE STAND UNDER TWO THINNING METHODS

FLORESTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1883
Author(s):  
Oscar Manuel de Jesús Vera Cabral ◽  
Eduardo Da Silva Lopes ◽  
Carla Krulikowski Rodrigues ◽  
Afonso Figueiredo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Working Cycle ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Consequent Reduction

The need for higher value-added wood products and the high cost of mechanized operations stimulate the development of new thinning methods in order to provide gains in productive capacity of forest stands. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of two thinning methods on productivity and costs of the forest harvesting in the generation of multi‐products. The study was carried out in a 10-year-old Pinus taeda stand under to two thinning methods: TH5 (harvester, with systematic harvesting of the fifth tree row and selective in adjacent rows); and TH7 (chainsaw and harvester, with systematic harvesting of the seventh tree row and selective in adjacent rows). We determined the working cycle times, productivity, and production costs through a time and motion study, with the averages of partial and total times being compared between thinning methods by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test (α ≤ 0.05). From the obtained results, it was found that the thinning methods directly affected the harvester’s partial and total times, with the largest time obtained in the TH7 thinning method due to the need to locate previously cut trees by chainsaw, with a consequent reduction in the productivity and an increase in the production costs when compared to the TH5 method. However, despite the higher production cost, the TH7 method showed potential with the use of mechanization in all activities, making it possible to increase selective thinning and contribute to gains in forest stand quality.

scholarly journals Analysis of a feller-buncher productivity: a case study of whole-tree harvesting from Marmara region, Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Neşe Gülci ◽  
Kıvanç Yüksel ◽  
Sercan Gülci ◽  
Hasan Serin ◽  
Ebru Bilici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Diameter Classes ◽  
Tree Harvesting

In fully mechanized forest harvesting systems, tree felling activities are mostly performed by using harvesters or feller-bunchers. In some regions of Turkey, where terrain conditions and stand characteristics are suitable, fully mechanized harvesting systems have been recently practiced by some of the logging contractors as private forest industry demands for large amounts of forest products throughout the year. Thus, performances of these newly practiced harvesting systems should be carefully analyzed in order to implement productive and cost-effective mechanized harvesting systems. In this study, productivity of whole-tree harvesting using a feller-buncher was investigated based on stand parameters including tree height, DBH, and volume. The DBH of the felled trees were divided into four classes (i.e. very small: 16-19 cm, small: 20-23 cm, medium: 24-27 cm and large: 28-31 cm) to investigate the effects of various DBH class on the time consumption of cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. To estimate productivity of feller-buncher in harvesting operation, multiple linear and polynomial regressions were also developed and discussed after the interpretation of diagnostic plots. The results indicated that the average productivity of the feller-buncher was 74.96 m3 /h which was closely related with tree height (r = 0.63), DBH (r = 0.67), and volume (r = 0.67). The average moving time was the most time-consuming stage (60%), followed by cutting (29%) and bunching stages (11%). It was found that DBH classes caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on the time spent on cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. The cutting time and productivity increased from very small to large diameter classes, while bunching time increased from very small to small diameter and then medium diameter to large diameter classes. Polynomial regression had a positive impact on the performance of the estimation model of manually field-measured data based on the error parameters.

scholarly journals DESEMPENHO TÉCNICO E ECONÔMICO DE DISTINTOS MODELOS DE FORWARDERS

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Diego Weslly Ferreira do Nascimento Santos ◽  
Haroldo Carlos Fernandes ◽  
Domingos Sárvio Magalhães Valente ◽  
Bruno Meira Gomes ◽  
Juliana Pinheiro Dadalto
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Time And Motion

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho analisar técnica e economicamente dois modelos de forwarder na extração de toras de eucalipto. O trabalho foi realizado na região Sul do estado da Bahia. A análise técnica compreendeu ao estudo de tempos e movimentos, produtividade, disponibilidade mecânica e eficiência operacional. Já a análise econômica baseou-se na determinação do custo operacional e de extração. Os resultados de tempos e movimentos e produtividades das máquinas foram submetidos a análise estatística. O tempo total e os elementos carregamento, deslocamento com carga e descarregamento do modelo elephant são estaticamente superior ao tempo total e aos mesmos elementos do modelo buffaloking. O forwarder modelo elephant apresentou uma produtividade média de 44,16 m³ he-1, sendo esse valor estaticamente superior aos 39,40 m³ he-1 apresentado pelo modelo buffaloking. O maior custo operacional e de produção foram calculados para o modelo buffaloking. O modelo elephant demonstra-se mais eficiente na extração de madeira.Palavras-chave: colheita florestal, desempenho operacional, extração. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERRENT FORWARDER MODELS ABSTRACT:The objective of this study is to analyze technically and economically two models of forwarder in Eucalyptus logs extraction. The study was conducted in the southern region of Bahia. Technical analysis includes the study of time and motion, productivity, mechanical availability and operational efficiency. Already the economic analysis was based on the determination of the operating cost and extraction. The results of motion and time and productivity of the machines were subjected to statistical analysis. The total time and the elements: load, displacement load and unload the elephant model are statistically higher than the total time and the same elements of buffaloking model. The forwarder elephant model showed an average yield of 44.16 m³ he-1, and this value statically superior to 39.40 m³ he-1 presented by buffaloking model. The biggest operational cost and production were calculated for the model buffaloking. The elephant model shows to be more efficient in wood extraction.Keywords: forest harvesting, operational performance, extraction. DOI:

Identification of representative sampling heights for specific gravity and moisture content in plantation-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Richard F. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Whole Tree

Conventionally, increment cores collected at breast height (1.4 m) have been used to measure wood properties of standing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees. This height has been used because of the ease of sampling and cost involved in extracting the cores. In this study, the efficacy of a breast-height core to represent whole-tree specific gravity (SG) and moisture content (MC) was examined. The sampling height that best represents whole-tree SG and MC was identified using the correlation between volume-weighted whole-tree SG and MC with SG and MC measurements collected at different heights within a tree. We found a high correlation between observed whole-disk SG and MC with volume-weighted whole-tree SG and MC at most sampling heights. The strength of the correlation followed a skewed parabolic curve form for both wood properties. The strongest correlations were observed between 4.6 and 6.1 m, with marginally lower correlations at the base of the tree, and the weakest correlations were observed towards the tip of the tree. In addition, it was found that the number of stands and trees that need to be sampled to achieve a certain accuracy in overall mean whole-tree SG and MC was greater if breast height was used as a sampling height compared with the most representative sampling heights identified (4.6 m for SG and 6.1 m for MC).

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO TÉCNICA E DE CUSTOS DE PODA MANUAL E SEMIMECANIZADA EM PLANTIOS DE Pinus taeda

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Felipe Martins Oliveira ◽  
Eduardo Silva Lopes ◽  
Jorge Roberto Malinovski ◽  
Rafael Henrique Da Silva ◽  
Carla Krulikowski Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Productivity Cost ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

ResumoO objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar uma avaliação técnica e de custos das atividades de poda manual e semimecanizada em plantios de Pinus taeda L., visando gerar informações para o aumento da produtividade, melhoria da qualidade e redução dos custos de produção. A pesquisa foi conduzida em uma empresa prestadora de serviços florestais, localizada na região do Norte Pioneiro, Estado do Paraná. Foram estudadas as atividades de podas executadas a 2,5 m; 4,0 m e 5,0 m de altura. A avaliação técnica consistiu em um estudo de tempos e movimentos, determinando a produtividade, a eficiência operacional e a qualidade das operações, verificando a presença de tocos de galhos e injúrias no lenho. A análise de custos foi feita por meio da determinação dos custos operacionais e de produção. Os resultados mostraram que a poda manual apresentou menor produtividade em relação ao método semimecanizado, porém proporcionou melhor qualidade do trabalho em termos de injúrias no lenho das árvores. Apesar do maior custo de produção, a execução das podas mais altas pelo método semimecanizado tornou-se viável técnica e economicamente devido à melhor qualidade do trabalho em relação à presença de tocos de galhos e possíveis benefícios ergonômicos aos trabalhadores. AbstractTechnical and cost evaluation of manual and semi-mechanized pruning in plantations of Pinus taeda. The objective of this research was to conduct technical and cost analysis of pruning in Pinus taeda L. planted forests by semi-mechanized and manual methods to increase productivity, improve the quality and reduction of costs. The research was conducted in a forest service company, located in the State of Parana, Brazil. There was studied the pruning to 2.5 m, 4.0 m and 5.0 m high. The technical evaluation consisted of a time and motion study, determining the productivity, operational efficiency and the quality of activities verifying the presence of branch stumps and injuries in the wood. The cost analysis was done by determining operating and production costs. The results showed that manual pruning had lower productivity compared to the semi-mechanized method, provided even better quality of work over terms apparent injuries on wood. Though even higher production cost, the implementation of pruning higher by semi-mechanized methods becomes more technical and economically, caused by better quality work in relation to the branch stumps and possible ergonomics benefits to workers.Keywords: Productivity; cost; pruning and silviculture. 

Productivity and Cost of Processors in Whole-Tree Harvesting Systems in Southern Pine Stands

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L Conrad ◽  
Joseph Dahlen
Keyword(s):  
Us South ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
The Us ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Motion Studies ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Harvesting Costs ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Harvesting

AbstractLogging businesses in the US South have not adopted cut-to-length harvesting systems. Adding dangle head processors on the landing of whole-tree harvesting systems may allow southern loggers to achieve some of the advantages of cut-to-length systems (i.e., precise length and diameter measurements) while maintaining high productivity and low costs per ton characteristic of current whole-tree systems. We conducted a designed study of conventional (i.e., feller-buncher, grapple skidder, loader) and processor (i.e., feller-buncher, grapple skidder, processor, loader) systems. Four harvest sites were split, with half of each site harvested by a conventional system and the other half by a processor system. Harvesting productivity was estimated using time-and-motion studies, and costs were estimated using the machine rate method. Cut-and-load costs averaged US$13.57 and US$14.67 ton–1 on the processor and conventional harvests, respectively (P > .10). Cost per ton was elevated on several conventional harvest tracts because of long skidding distances, indicating harvest planning is more important than harvesting system in determining harvesting costs. Processing and loading costs were US$1.70 ton–1 higher on processor harvests, which, combined with restrictive mill quotas being more problematic for processor crews, suggests loggers will require a logging rate premium in order to invest in processors.

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