scholarly journals Refractive state of eyes in dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Balicka ◽  
Ireneusz Balicki ◽  
Alexandra Trbolova ◽  
Mateusz Szadkowski ◽  
Aleksandra Tomkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Refractive State ◽  
Normal Visual Acuity

The article discusses refractive errors in dogs. The refractive errors presented in the article are myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia and astygmatism. These disadvantages are discussed in individual dogs breeds. Analysis has proved that most of dogs are emmetropic an thus have normal visual acuity. In dogs and human alike the refraction defect may have a genetic compound, it may be congenital or acquired and may change with age. Ametropia directly affects the orientation of animals and their behavior, therefore examination for refractive error is an important element of vision testing. .

scholarly journals Epidemiological Findings of Refractive Errors and Amblyopia among the Schoolchildren in Hatta Region of the United Arab Emirates

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Salam Chettian Kandi ◽  
Hayat Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Vision Screening ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
School Based

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia pose a major problem affecting schoolchildren. We had previously observed that many schoolchildren in the Hatta region presented to the ophthalmology clinic with uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia, which led us to undertake this research. As per the WHO, the term “visual impairment” can be “low vision” or “blindness.” Based on the presenting vision, “low vision” is defined for children who have vision of &#x3c;6/18 to 3/60 or having visual field loss to &#x3c;20° in the better-seeing eye. Children defined to have “blindness” have presenting vision of &#x3c;3/60 or corresponding visual field of &#x3c;10°. <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To estimate the magnitude of uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia among the schoolchildren aged 6–19 years and to assess the efficacy of school-based refractive error screening programs in the Hatta region of the United Arab Emirates. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> An epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on the entire student population studying in the government schools of the region. Those who failed the Snellen visual acuity chart test and those who were wearing spectacles were evaluated comprehensively by the researcher in the Department of Ophthalmology of the Hatta Hospital. Data were entered in the Refractive Error Study in School Children (RESC) eye examination form recommended by the WHO, and were later transferred to Excel sheets and analyzed by SPSS. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 1,591 students were screened and evaluated from the end of 2016 to mid-2017. About 21.37% (<i>n</i> = 340) had impaired vision with 20.9% (<i>n</i> = 333) refractive errors, of which 58% were uncorrected. Among the refractive error group, 19% (64 subjects) had amblyopia (4% of total students). The incidence of low vision was 9.5% and blindness was 0.38%. Low vision was found to be 9.5% and blindness 0.38%, taking in to account presenting visual acuity rather than best-corrected visual acuity for defining low vision and blindness. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A significant number of students were detected to have uncorrected refractive errors among the vision impaired group (59%, <i>n</i> = 197) despite a school-based vision screening program in place. Seventy-eight percent of the amblyopia cases (<i>n</i> = 50) were found to be in the 11–19 years age group. Noncompliance with optical corrections was the reason for the high number of cases. A rigorous vision screening program and refractive services, complimented with awareness among parents and teachers, are recommended.

scholarly journals PATTERN OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN STUDENTS ATTENDING PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Lily Adhiambo Nyamai ◽  
Daniel Kanyata
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Public High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square

Background: There is a global epidemic of refractive error with myopia being the most prevalent cause of correctable visual impairment. However there is little data on refractive error in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors (RE) in urban public high school students in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods: This was a cross-section based survey of among1376 teenage high school students in Nairobi County, Kenya. Eleven out of 80 schools were selected and all the students in selected schools were invited to participate. All the students had their visual acuity taken using logMAR charts and those with a visual acuity of 6/12 or less in the better eye were invited for objective then subjective refraction. The data was analysed using SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test was used compare means and proportions. Results: The total participation rate was 84.8% (1376/1622). Of the 1376 students who participated 751 (54%) were boys and 639 (46%) were girls. The prevalence of refractive error was 15.5% (209/1348) with a preponderance of myopia at 14.4% [194/1348, OR= 0.7(95% CI= 0.4-0.9)], followed by astigmatism at 7.6% [103/1348, OR= 0.9, (95% CI= 0.6-1.3)] and lastly at 0.7% [10/1348, OR= 0.6 (95% CI=0.2-2.0)] hyperopia. Boys were less likely than girls to have both refractive error (OR= 0.7, 95% CI= 0.5-0.9) and myopia (O.R= 0.7, 95% C.I= 0.4-0.9).Congruous low myopia, i.e. occurring in both eyes (75.4%, 153/209) was the commonest form of refractive error among students with refractive error. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of refractive error among teenagers attending high school in Nairobi Kenya with a predominance of myopia especially amongst girls.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Refractive Error and Need for Corrective Lenses in Medically Underserved Residents of Tijuana, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Ubels ◽  
Jonathan M. Ismond ◽  
Micah A. Timmermans ◽  
Arlene J. Hoogewerf
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Source Program ◽  
Reading Glasses ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Eye Exams ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

AbstractPurposeThe population of Tijuana, Mexico is growing rapidly, with a current official population estimate of 1.7 million. Nearly 80,000 people migrate to Tijuana each year, resulting in the rise of neighborhoods with substandard housing, lack of services and inadequate access to health care, including eye care. This study describes refractive errors and the need for corrective lenses among participants attending free clinics in these neighborhoods where they received free eye exams and glasses during January 2016. Methods: This is a retrospective observational chart review of de-identified data collected from intake forms that were filled out for each participant at the clinics. Subjects were self-selected in response to announcements in the neighborhoods where clinics were conducted. Subjects with presenting uncorrected visual acuity 20/30 OU or worse were examined with an autorefractor to measure spherical refractive error. Either prescription or reading glasses were then distributed to participants who had refractive errors. Epi Info, an open source program provided by the CDC, was used to analyze demographic, visual acuity and refractive error data. Results: Presenting visual acuity was evaluated in 1209 people. Of these patients, 70% had a visual acuity of 20/30 or worse. Only 23% of these patients had glasses. Among the patients who were given refractions, 13% had clinically significant myopia (−0.75 D or worse in at least one eye). In participants 20 years old and younger, only 8% had clinically significant myopia. Clinically significant hyperopia (+0.75 D or worse in at least one eye) was detected in 25% of participants. Astigmatism (−1.5 D or worse in at least one eye) was present in 18% of participants. Prescription glasses were given to 542 participants and 396 of these people received their first glasses. Reading glasses were given to 386 people. Among students only 15% presented at the clinics with glasses, while it was determined that 56% of student participants needed glasses. Conclusion: The high levels of uncorrected refractive error in this study suggest limited access to affordable eye care in neighborhoods where clinics were conducted. Prevalence of myopia among adolescents and young adults is increasing in many parts of the world. In contrast, a relatively high prevalence of hyperopia was observed in this age group in Tijuana. The data demonstrate an urgent need for eye care and correction of refractive error in the study group.

scholarly journals High Visibility Conditions in a Sunset Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Iizuka ◽  
Takushi Kawamorita ◽  
Choku Takenaka ◽  
Hajime Tsuji ◽  
Hiroyuki Kanai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Stripe Pattern ◽  
Normal Visual Acuity ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Dark Room

Abstract Purpose: There is no standard for high-visibility safety clothing for general pedestrians, nor is it widely used. Therefore, this study investigated visibility in order to examine the standards for high-visibility safety clothing for general pedestrians. Methods: Twenty normal participants (mean age, 22.4 ± 4.4 years) without ocular disease, except for refractive errors, were studied. All participants had normal visual acuity in corrected vision. This study assumed sunset conditions in Japan. The light source was set up in a dark room, and the illuminance in front of the visual target was set to 300 lx. We investigated the visibility of 142 patterns of black and yellow combination samples with different spatial frequencies, pattern types, angles, and color ratios. Results: The highest visibility was found at 5.0 cycles per degree of the stripe pattern at the spatial frequency, yellow ratio of 75%, and a stripe angle of 165°. Conclusions: Under sunset conditions, the brightness decreased when black was combined with yellow. However, it forms a two-color pattern and becomes more conspicuous. The highest visibility was obtained by arranging black and yellow in a diagonal stripe pattern. We predict that establishing clothing standards based on the results of this study will help design safety clothing with increased visibility.

scholarly journals Detection and treatment of amblyopia in children

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Canadanovic ◽  
Dragana Bjelica ◽  
Sinisa Babovic ◽  
Tatjana Bedov ◽  
Nikola Babic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Common Causes

Refractive errors are a common cause of decreased visual acuity. They can be found in 2-4% of preschool children. If not discovered on time and not properly treated, they can lead to amblyopia and strabismus. The active participation of parents and paediatricians is of great importance in timely discovering and treatment of amblyopia. The most common causes of amblyopia are strabismus (50.1%) and refractive error (44.7%). The best treatment results are achieved in amblyopic children with strabismus. The cooperation of physicians of all specialties, above all paediatricians and ophthalmologists, as well as a good collaboration of parents based on their being well-informed, must exist in the process of timely diagnosing and treating of amblyopia.

The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Dariyah, a rural community in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Alghamdi ◽  
Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eye Examination

Background: Visual impairment is disproportionately distributed between rural and urban dwellers. Rural dwellers have limited access to the eye care services that are available in urban cities.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Dariyah, a rural community in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.Setting: This research comprised a population-based assessment of the vision and visual status of the inhabitants of Dariyah community.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst the inhabitants of the community of Dariyah. A comprehensive eye examination consisting of visual acuity, ocular health examination, objective and subjective refraction was performed. The examinations were conducted by registered ophthalmologists and optometrists from the Qassim University. Vision impairments were categorised according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Section 9D90, ‘Vision impairment including blindness’ (2018).Results: In all, 68 (24.5%) participants had vision impairment (using the better-seeing eye), with refractive errors being the main cause of vision impairment. Other causes of vision impairment included cataract (20, 7.2%), trichiasis (5, 1.8%) and glaucoma (2, 0.7%). Refractive errors were present in 193 (69.7%), with astigmatism being the commonest refractive error. About 60% of those with refractive errors presented without spectacles for correction, and 20% reported that they had never had an eye examination. Refractive errors could not be determined in 19 (6.9%) of the subjects because of conditions such as matured cataract and other ocular abnormalities.Conclusion: Uncorrected refractive error was found to be the leading cause of vision impairment in this rural community in Saudi Arabia.

On the need for a legislative norm for high degrees of hypermetropia in relation to military-combatant services

1902 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 567-567
Author(s):  
V. F. Velyamovich
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Normal Visual Acuity ◽  
The Law

As for the current Russian laws on anomalies in the organs of vision that allow or restrict the ability to perform military service, hyperopia, for which the law does not specify a predetermined degree, is completely ignored, compatible with the requirements of military service. Any hyperopia, no matter how high its degree of abnormal refraction, is recognised as extremely suitable for military service, unless it has a normal visual acuity without glasses.

An Unusual Phenotype in Dutch Patients With Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4: Evident Hypopigmentation Without Other Ocular Deficits.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte C Kruijt ◽  
Nicoline E Schalij-Delfos ◽  
Gerard C de Wit ◽  
Ralph F Florijn ◽  
Maria M van Genderen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Oculocutaneous Albinism ◽  
Novel Mutations ◽  
Normal Visual Acuity ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Foveal Hypoplasia ◽  
Unusual Phenotype ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dutch Cohort

Abstract Purpose: To describe the phenotype of Dutch patients with oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4).Patients and Methods: We collected data on pigmentation (skin, hair, and eyes), visual acuity (VA), nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia, chiasmal misrouting, and molecular analyses of nine Dutch OCA4 patients from the Bartiméus Diagnostic Center for complex visual disorders.Results: All patients had severely reduced pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes with iris transillumination over 360 degrees. Three unrelated OCA4 patients had normal VA, no nystagmus, no foveal hypoplasia, and no misrouting of the visual pathways. Six patients had poor visual acuity (0.6 to 1.0 logMAR), nystagmus, severe foveal hypoplasia and misrouting. We found two novel mutations in the SLC45A2 gene, c.310C>T; p.(Pro104Ser), and c.1368+3_1368+9del p.(?).Discussion: OCA4 patients of this Dutch cohort all had hypopigmentation of skin, hair, and iris translucency. However, patients were either severely affected with regard to visual acuity, foveal hypoplasia, and misrouting, or visually not affected at all. We describe for the first time OCA4 patients with an evident lack of pigmentation, but normal visual acuity, normal foveal development and absence of misrouting. This implies that absence of melanin does not invariably lead to foveal hypoplasia and abnormal routing of the visual pathways.

Successful Combination Therapy for Amblyopia Secondary to Micro-Esotropia And Anisometropia

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-200
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Eccentric Fixation ◽  
Case Summary ◽  
Vision Therapy ◽  
Spectacle Correction

Background: Micro-esotropia is a small-angle esodeviation typically less than nine prism diopters. Patients with this ocular condition often develop amblyopia due to the presence of a constant unilateral strabismus and an anisometropic refractive error in the deviated eye. Current treatment methods for strabismic and refractive amblyopia include spectacle correction, patching, and vision therapy (VT). Case Summary: A 9-year-old Asian female presented with a constant left primary micro-esotropia with unsteady eccentric fixation, contributing to mild amblyopia and frequent suppression in the left eye. She also had a hyperopic anisometropic refractive error. Combination treatment of in-office VT with short-term patching therapy (two hours per day) was administered, with the goal of improving her binocularity, fixation, and visual acuity. Conclusions: Amblyopia results from binocular dysfunction, therefore monocular patching therapy alone will not improve the underlying issue. VT is necessary to actively treat binocularity and subsequently improve visual acuity, while short-term patching can be used in combination to effectively target monocular accommodation and fixation.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of refractive error correction for people with oculocutaneous albinism in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun M Bhari ◽  
Kabindra Bajracharya ◽  
Hari B Thapa ◽  
Maria Gautam ◽  
Araniko Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Oculocutaneous Albinism ◽  
Outreach Program ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Telephone Contact ◽  
Refractive Correction ◽  
And Function ◽  
Objective Improvement

Background: Albinism is commonly associated with high refractive errors, but some clinicians are reluctant to prescribe glasses because reduced vision persists due to additional non-refractive visual problems.Aims and Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glasses in people with oculocutaneous albinism in Nepal.Materials and Methods: People with Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) were prospectively examined through an outreach program of Lumbini Eye Institute, Nepal. Glasses were prescribed to determine the objective improvement in visual acuity (VA) and strabismus. Compliance with spectacles wear was assessed by telephone contact after 3 weeks and categorized as excellent: >75% of awake hours; good: 50–75% of awake hours; fair: 26–50% of awake hours and poor: <25%.Results: Thirty one people (65% male) mean age 18 years (range: 3 to 50) with OCA were examined. Mean refractive correction was –0.40±4.3 diopters spherical equivalents (range: −11.0 to +7.0 D). Mean visual acuity at distance was 0.9±0.28(6/50) corrected and 1.150.31(5/60) uncorrected (P = 0.000) in 62 eyes. Mean neat VA was1.74±0.89M corrected and 2.06±1.20M uncorrected (P = 0.004). Forty eight per cent (15 people) had fusion with or without glasses and one had fusion only with glasses. Compliance was excellent in 52% (16), fair in 26% (8), good in 12% (4), and poor in 10% (3).Conclusion: Providing eye glasses resulted in a clinically and functionally significant improvement in visual acuity and function in people with OCA.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(6) 2017 30-34

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