scholarly journals Detection and treatment of amblyopia in children

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Canadanovic ◽  
Dragana Bjelica ◽  
Sinisa Babovic ◽  
Tatjana Bedov ◽  
Nikola Babic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Common Causes

Refractive errors are a common cause of decreased visual acuity. They can be found in 2-4% of preschool children. If not discovered on time and not properly treated, they can lead to amblyopia and strabismus. The active participation of parents and paediatricians is of great importance in timely discovering and treatment of amblyopia. The most common causes of amblyopia are strabismus (50.1%) and refractive error (44.7%). The best treatment results are achieved in amblyopic children with strabismus. The cooperation of physicians of all specialties, above all paediatricians and ophthalmologists, as well as a good collaboration of parents based on their being well-informed, must exist in the process of timely diagnosing and treating of amblyopia.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Findings of Refractive Errors and Amblyopia among the Schoolchildren in Hatta Region of the United Arab Emirates

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Salam Chettian Kandi ◽  
Hayat Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Vision Screening ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
School Based

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia pose a major problem affecting schoolchildren. We had previously observed that many schoolchildren in the Hatta region presented to the ophthalmology clinic with uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia, which led us to undertake this research. As per the WHO, the term “visual impairment” can be “low vision” or “blindness.” Based on the presenting vision, “low vision” is defined for children who have vision of &#x3c;6/18 to 3/60 or having visual field loss to &#x3c;20° in the better-seeing eye. Children defined to have “blindness” have presenting vision of &#x3c;3/60 or corresponding visual field of &#x3c;10°. <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To estimate the magnitude of uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia among the schoolchildren aged 6–19 years and to assess the efficacy of school-based refractive error screening programs in the Hatta region of the United Arab Emirates. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> An epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on the entire student population studying in the government schools of the region. Those who failed the Snellen visual acuity chart test and those who were wearing spectacles were evaluated comprehensively by the researcher in the Department of Ophthalmology of the Hatta Hospital. Data were entered in the Refractive Error Study in School Children (RESC) eye examination form recommended by the WHO, and were later transferred to Excel sheets and analyzed by SPSS. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 1,591 students were screened and evaluated from the end of 2016 to mid-2017. About 21.37% (<i>n</i> = 340) had impaired vision with 20.9% (<i>n</i> = 333) refractive errors, of which 58% were uncorrected. Among the refractive error group, 19% (64 subjects) had amblyopia (4% of total students). The incidence of low vision was 9.5% and blindness was 0.38%. Low vision was found to be 9.5% and blindness 0.38%, taking in to account presenting visual acuity rather than best-corrected visual acuity for defining low vision and blindness. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A significant number of students were detected to have uncorrected refractive errors among the vision impaired group (59%, <i>n</i> = 197) despite a school-based vision screening program in place. Seventy-eight percent of the amblyopia cases (<i>n</i> = 50) were found to be in the 11–19 years age group. Noncompliance with optical corrections was the reason for the high number of cases. A rigorous vision screening program and refractive services, complimented with awareness among parents and teachers, are recommended.

scholarly journals Prevalence of amblyopia and patterns of refractive error in the amblyopic children of a tertiary eye care center of Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sapkota ◽  
A Pirouzian ◽  
NS Matta
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Ocular Pathology ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Refractive error is a common cause of amblyopia. Objective: To determine prevalence of amblyopia and the pattern and the types of refractive error in children with amblyopia in a tertiary eye hospital of Nepal. Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with amblyopia in the Nepal Eye Hospital (NEH) from July 2006 to June 2011 was conducted. Children of age 13+ or who had any ocular pathology were excluded. Cycloplegic refraction and an ophthalmological examination was performed for all children. The pattern of refractive error and the association between types of refractive error and types of amblyopia were determined. Results: Amblyopia was found in 0.7 % (440) of 62,633 children examined in NEH during this period. All the amblyopic eyes of the subjects had refractive error. Fifty-six percent (248) of the patients were male and the mean age was 7.74 ± 2.97 years. Anisometropia was the most common cause of amblyopia (p < 0.001). One third (29 %) of the subjects had bilateral amblyopia due to high ametropia. Forty percent of eyes had severe amblyopia with visual acuity of 20/120 or worse. About twothirds (59.2 %) of the eyes had astigmatism. Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia in the Nepal Eye Hospital is 0.7%. Anisometropia is the most common cause of amblyopia. Astigmatism is the most common types of refractive error in amblyopic eyes. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):38-44 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7820

Prevalence of amblyopia and its association with refraction in Chinese preschool children aged 36–48 months

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Huang ◽  
Xuejuan Chen ◽  
Hui Zhu ◽  
Hui Ding ◽  
Jing Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Disease Study

PurposeTo determine the prevalence of amblyopia and its association with refraction in Chinese preschool children.MethodsThe Yuhuatai Pediatric Eye Disease Study, a cross-sectional, population-based study, was conducted in children aged 36–48 months in Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, China, in 2015. Visual acuity was measured in 1695 eligible children.ResultsOf the 1695 subjects, manifested amblyopia was detected in 25 children (1.47%, 95% CI 0.90% to 2.05%), including 11 and 14 with bilateral and unilateral amblyopia, respectively. Amblyopia prevalence did not differ by gender (p=0.77). Significant refractive errors were found in 22 (88.0%) of children with amblyopia, and strabismus was found in 6 (24.0%) children with amblyopia. In multivariate analysis, amblyopia was significantly associated with hyperopia (≥+2.00 dioptres (D); OR 8.81, 95% CI 3.27 to 23.69, p<0.0001), astigmatism (≥2.00 D; OR 17.90, 95% CI 6.78 to 47.21, p<0.0001) and anisometropia (≥2.00 D; OR 5.87, 95% CI 1.52 to 22.77, p<0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of amblyopia in children 36–48 months old in Eastern China was 1.47%. The refractive error is a major risk factor for amblyopia.

Refraction in the Pediatric Eye Examination

2022 ◽  
pp. 126-154
Author(s):  
Marilyn Vricella
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Academic Problems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

Accurate determination of refractive error is one of the most critical components of a pediatric eye examination. According to the National Eye Institute, refractive errors are the most common causes of correctable reduced vision in children. Children with uncorrected refractive error are more likely to have developmental delays, visual-related academic problems, and poor social skills or interactions. In addition to difficulty seeing, uncorrected refractive errors can contribute to developmental deficits of accommodation, binocular vision, and certain forms of strabismus, amblyopia, and perceptual function. The author provides the clinician an in-depth guide on how to determine the refractive error in pediatric patients. The chapter focuses on the specific techniques, advantages and disadvantages, equipment required, and step-by-step procedures for performing retinoscopy, objective refraction, and subjective refraction on children.

Uncorrected Visual Acuity and Noncycloplegic Autorefraction Predict Significant Refractive Errors in Taiwanese Preschool Children

Ophthalmology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hung Lai ◽  
Han-Yi Tseng ◽  
Hsin-Tien Hsu ◽  
Shun-Jen Chang ◽  
Hwei-Zu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Uncorrected Visual Acuity

scholarly journals Prevalence and causes of visual impairment amongst older adults in a rural area of North India: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e018894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Malhotra ◽  
Praveen Vashist ◽  
Mani Kalaivani ◽  
Noopur Gupta ◽  
Suraj Singh Senjam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Common Causes

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence, causes and associated factors for visual impairment (VI) in rural population of Jhajjar district, Haryana, north India.MethodsA community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in two blocks of Jhajjar district. A total of 34 villages were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling method. Adults aged 50 years and above were selected using compact segment cluster sampling approach. Presenting visual acuity using LogMAR E chart was measured along with collection of other demographic details as part of the house-to-house survey. Subjective refraction and torch light examination were performed at a clinic site within the village to ascertain VI and its cause. VI was considered when presenting visual acuity was less than 6/18 in the better eye. Common causes of VI viz uncorrected refractive errors, cataract, central corneal opacity and others were noted by optometrists. Descriptive analysis was undertaken. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for determining associated factors with VI.ResultsOut of 2025 enumerated adults, 1690 (83.5%) were examined at the household level and 1575 (78%) completed all study procedures. The prevalence of VI was found to be 24.5% (95% CI 21.1 to 26.3) and blindness was 5% (95% CI 3.9 to 6.1). The most common causes of VI were uncorrected refractive errors (50%) and cataract (37%). The VI in study participants was found to be associated with age, gender, marital and educational status.ConclusionsVI is still a public health problem in rural population of Jhajjar district, Haryana. Provision of spectacles and cataract surgical services are simple interventions to address this issue.

scholarly journals Refractive state of eyes in dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Balicka ◽  
Ireneusz Balicki ◽  
Alexandra Trbolova ◽  
Mateusz Szadkowski ◽  
Aleksandra Tomkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Refractive State ◽  
Normal Visual Acuity

The article discusses refractive errors in dogs. The refractive errors presented in the article are myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia and astygmatism. These disadvantages are discussed in individual dogs breeds. Analysis has proved that most of dogs are emmetropic an thus have normal visual acuity. In dogs and human alike the refraction defect may have a genetic compound, it may be congenital or acquired and may change with age. Ametropia directly affects the orientation of animals and their behavior, therefore examination for refractive error is an important element of vision testing. .

scholarly journals PATTERN OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN STUDENTS ATTENDING PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Lily Adhiambo Nyamai ◽  
Daniel Kanyata
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Public High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square

Background: There is a global epidemic of refractive error with myopia being the most prevalent cause of correctable visual impairment. However there is little data on refractive error in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors (RE) in urban public high school students in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods: This was a cross-section based survey of among1376 teenage high school students in Nairobi County, Kenya. Eleven out of 80 schools were selected and all the students in selected schools were invited to participate. All the students had their visual acuity taken using logMAR charts and those with a visual acuity of 6/12 or less in the better eye were invited for objective then subjective refraction. The data was analysed using SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test was used compare means and proportions. Results: The total participation rate was 84.8% (1376/1622). Of the 1376 students who participated 751 (54%) were boys and 639 (46%) were girls. The prevalence of refractive error was 15.5% (209/1348) with a preponderance of myopia at 14.4% [194/1348, OR= 0.7(95% CI= 0.4-0.9)], followed by astigmatism at 7.6% [103/1348, OR= 0.9, (95% CI= 0.6-1.3)] and lastly at 0.7% [10/1348, OR= 0.6 (95% CI=0.2-2.0)] hyperopia. Boys were less likely than girls to have both refractive error (OR= 0.7, 95% CI= 0.5-0.9) and myopia (O.R= 0.7, 95% C.I= 0.4-0.9).Congruous low myopia, i.e. occurring in both eyes (75.4%, 153/209) was the commonest form of refractive error among students with refractive error. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of refractive error among teenagers attending high school in Nairobi Kenya with a predominance of myopia especially amongst girls.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Refractive Error and Need for Corrective Lenses in Medically Underserved Residents of Tijuana, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Ubels ◽  
Jonathan M. Ismond ◽  
Micah A. Timmermans ◽  
Arlene J. Hoogewerf
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Source Program ◽  
Reading Glasses ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Eye Exams ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

AbstractPurposeThe population of Tijuana, Mexico is growing rapidly, with a current official population estimate of 1.7 million. Nearly 80,000 people migrate to Tijuana each year, resulting in the rise of neighborhoods with substandard housing, lack of services and inadequate access to health care, including eye care. This study describes refractive errors and the need for corrective lenses among participants attending free clinics in these neighborhoods where they received free eye exams and glasses during January 2016. Methods: This is a retrospective observational chart review of de-identified data collected from intake forms that were filled out for each participant at the clinics. Subjects were self-selected in response to announcements in the neighborhoods where clinics were conducted. Subjects with presenting uncorrected visual acuity 20/30 OU or worse were examined with an autorefractor to measure spherical refractive error. Either prescription or reading glasses were then distributed to participants who had refractive errors. Epi Info, an open source program provided by the CDC, was used to analyze demographic, visual acuity and refractive error data. Results: Presenting visual acuity was evaluated in 1209 people. Of these patients, 70% had a visual acuity of 20/30 or worse. Only 23% of these patients had glasses. Among the patients who were given refractions, 13% had clinically significant myopia (−0.75 D or worse in at least one eye). In participants 20 years old and younger, only 8% had clinically significant myopia. Clinically significant hyperopia (+0.75 D or worse in at least one eye) was detected in 25% of participants. Astigmatism (−1.5 D or worse in at least one eye) was present in 18% of participants. Prescription glasses were given to 542 participants and 396 of these people received their first glasses. Reading glasses were given to 386 people. Among students only 15% presented at the clinics with glasses, while it was determined that 56% of student participants needed glasses. Conclusion: The high levels of uncorrected refractive error in this study suggest limited access to affordable eye care in neighborhoods where clinics were conducted. Prevalence of myopia among adolescents and young adults is increasing in many parts of the world. In contrast, a relatively high prevalence of hyperopia was observed in this age group in Tijuana. The data demonstrate an urgent need for eye care and correction of refractive error in the study group.

scholarly journals Comparison between SRK/T and Haigis Formulas on Visual Acuity of Patient with Senile Cataract Post-Phacoemulsification

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (T3) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Delfi Delfi ◽  
Vanda Virgayanti ◽  
Hendra Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Intraocular Lens ◽  
Senile Cataract ◽  
Analytic Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World

BACKGROUND: Cataract contributes to the most common cause of blindness worldwide. Cataract surgery is the most performed surgery in the world. To achieve optimal results, pre-operative biometric must be accurate and the use of a formula for measuring the strength of the intraocular lens (IOL) accurately must be used. SRK-T and Haigis are formulas applied in the calculation of IOLs. AIM: The objective of the study was to determine the evaluation of visual acuity after phacoemulsification using the SRK/T and Haigis formulas. METHODS: This was an observational prospective analytic study at Medan Baru Eye Hospital from June 2019 to August 2019. Following the examination, patients were required further follow-up on 7–30 days post-phacoemulsification. RESULTS: The number of subjects was 122 patients (122 eyes), 84 patients were observed, and 38 patients did not come back for control. This study was within the value of p = 0.053. Prediction of refractive errors after phacoemulsification for myopia identified using SRK/T formula was more common, resulting in 3 eyes (75.0%) compared to the Haigis formula. On contrary, the prediction for emetropia was mostly discovered on Haigis formula which amounted to 41 eyes (51.25%) compared to the SRK/T formula. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in predicting post-phacoemulsification visual acuity between SRK/T and Haigis formula.

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