scholarly journals Usefulness of immunohisto(cyto)chemistry, antigens and cell marker detection in cancer diagnosis and histogenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (09) ◽  
pp. 6129-2018
Author(s):  
JANUSZ A.MADEJ
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Cell Marker ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Carcinoid Tumours ◽  
Endocrine Secretion ◽  
Marker Detection

It was shown that the unification of neoplastic nomenclature could be very challenging. It was also noted that neoplastic disease is a dual disease, involving both the presence of neoplastic cells in the organism and the resulting disturbances in the functioning of the immune system. The study also follows the principle that the general markers are examined before the specific ones, especially in neoplasms of unknown origin or those suspected of endocrine secretion, such as carcinoid tumours.

scholarly journals Problems of Cancer Treatment. Part I. Theory of Treatment Based on Known Mechanisms of Anticancer Immunological Responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kawiak ◽  
Grazyna Hoser ◽  
Joanna Domagała-Kulawik
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Solid Tumours ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic Cells ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Defensive Activity ◽  
Consecutive Stage

SummaryVarious processes, taking place both in cells and in their environment, are linked to carcinogenesis. This paper aims at recalling the complex mechanisms of oncogenesis, with particular attention paid to responses of the immune system. In development of solid tumours, leukaemias and lymphomas several common stages can be noted. A neoplastic disease cannot be understood considering only phenomena of genetic mutations. Neoplastic cells are characterised by an extensive antigenic variability and resistance to apoptosis. The cells create around them a microenvironment which protects them from defensive activity of the host. In the paper we present the recognised mechanisms of anti-neoplastic defense as well as several elements allowing the solid tumours and leukaemias to escape from the immune surveillance. The generally accepted treatment of tumours aims at reducing numbers of tumour cells. Following resection of a tumour, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, the parallel or consecutive stage of treatment was found to involve an increase in number of clones of immune system cells. One of the ways in which the immune system can be activated involves autovaccination of the host with own neoplastic cells in an apoptosis. However, attempts of such a therapy frequently brought no expected results due to blocked activity of cytotoxic cells. Therefore, the subsequent stage in activation of the immune system should involve elimination of the tumor-mobilized blockade of the system. Attempts toward this aim include neutralization of the tumour-blocked cytotoxic properties of defensive cells, first of all T lymphocytes. The recognized mechanisms of blocking T cells activity in the PD-1/PD-L1 system or due to inhibition of activation by CTLA-4 molecule provided rationale for development of effective tumour immunotherapy approaches.

Molecular Testing of Solid Tumors

2011 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Igbokwe ◽  
Dolores H. Lopez-Terrada
Keyword(s):  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions

Abstract Context—Molecular testing of solid tumors is steadily becoming a vital component of the contemporary anatomic pathologist's armamentarium. These sensitive and specific ancillary tools are useful for confirming ambiguous diagnoses suspected by light microscopy and for guiding therapeutic decisions, assessing prognosis, and monitoring patients for residual neoplastic disease after therapy. Objective—To review current molecular biomarkers and tumor-specific assays most useful in solid tumor testing, specifically of breast, colon, lung, thyroid, and soft tissue tumors, malignant melanoma, and tumors of unknown origin. A few upcoming molecular diagnostic assays that may become standard of care in the near future will also be discussed. Data Sources—Original research articles, review articles, and the authors' personal practice experience. Conclusions—Molecular testing in anatomic pathology is firmly established and will continue to gain ground as the need for more specific diagnoses and new targeted therapies evolve. Knowledge of the more common and clinically relevant molecular tests available for solid tumor diagnosis and management, and their indications and limitations, is necessary if anatomic pathologists are to optimally use these tests and act as consultants for fellow clinicians directly involved in patient care.

Understanding the development of cervical cancer - Joint efforts to improve HPV and cervical cancer diagnosis

Impact ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Kirvis Janneth Torres Poveda ◽  
Vicente Madrid-Marina
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Tissue ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Natural Microbiota

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women, with 99% of the cases linked to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. The immune system, in conjunction with the natural microbiota that proliferates in cervical tissue, has a crucial role in eradicating the virus, and preventing the progression of malignant lesions. A failure in these controlling mechanisms may be at the root of cervical cancer (CC). Dr Kirvis Torres-Poveda and Dr Vicente Madrid-Marina are investigating the mechanisms in which these imbalances occur and pinpointing specific microbial strains that lead to the development of cervical cancer after HPV infection to determine the correlation between vaginal microbiomes, HPV, and cervical cancer

scholarly journals Extensive eye-oral-bronchial mucosal nodules with eosinopgillia: a rare case report and literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lujin Wu ◽  
Qianru Leng ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Daowen Wang ◽  
Danlei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Biopsy Specimen ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Detailed Medical History ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Rare Case Report

Abstract Background Mucosal nodules can be caused by infection, inflammation and neoplastic disease. Many noninfectious diseases, such as eosinophilia, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granuloma, langerhans cell histiocytosis etc., are associated with the formation of multisytem mucosal nodules, especially significant bronchial lesions. Detailed medical history, comprehensive metabolic profile, biopsy specimen and imaging examinations are required for differentiating among these disorders. The process of diagnosis and treatment of our patient’s mucosal nodules was challenging, which could be helpful to similar cases. Case presentation We represent a case of a 29-year-old woman with plentiful nodules of unknown origin on extensive mucous membranes. Biopsy specimen reports inflammatory lesions with large numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and varying degrees of eosinophils. Treatment of anti-infection, anti-tussive and anti-allergic was ineffective, but glucocorticoid showed great improvement to her symptoms. Conclusion We experienced a rare case with plentiful nodules of unknown origin on extensive mucous membranes. She may be a specific phenotype of eosinophilia or may be a novel multisystem disease with respiratory system as the primary symptom. The diagnosis of our patient remains unclear, but tentative glucocorticoid therapy was beneficial.

scholarly journals COVID19 Prevention & Care; A Cancer Specific Guideline

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Motlagh ◽  
Maisa Yamrali ◽  
Samira Azghandi ◽  
Payam Azadeh ◽  
Mohammad Vaezi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Cancer Centers ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Specific Guideline ◽  
Therapeutic Services

On March 11th 2020, the coronavirus outbreak was declared a pandemic by the WHO. One of the groups that is considered high risk in this pandemic are cancer patients as they are treated with a variety of immune system suppressor treatment modalities and this puts them in a great risk for infectious disease (including COVID-19). Therefore, cancer patients require higher level measures for preventing and treating infectious diseases. furthermore, cancer patients may bear additional risk due to the restriction of access to the routine diagnostic and therapeutic services during such epidemic. Since most of the attention of health systems is towards patients affected with COVID-19, the need for structured and unified approaches to COVID-19 prevention and care specific to cancer patients and cancer centers is felt more than ever. This article provides the recommendations and possible actions that should be considered by patients, their caregivers and families, physician, nurses, managers and staff of medical centers involved in cancer diagnosis and treatment. We pursued two major goals in our recommendations: first, limiting the exposure of cancer patients to medical environments and second, modifying the treatment modalities in a manner that reduces the probability of myelosuppression such as delaying elective diagnostic and therapeutic services, shortening the treatment course, or prolonging the interval between treatment courses.

scholarly journals Effect of Toxoplasma gondii on colon cancer growth in mouse model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Farideh Zavareh ◽  
◽  
Mahboubeh Hadiipour ◽  
Reza Kalantari ◽  
Somayeh Mousavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Target Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Tumor Environment ◽  
The Difference

Despite all advances in cancer treatment methods, failure of treatment is a major concern. This failure can be caused by tumor environment made by tumor cells and prevents immune system to reach neoplastic cells. So, cancer immunotherapy and target therapy are in the focus of scientists. Due to the inverse relationship shown between parasites and cancer, parasites are a candidate for use in cancer immunotherapy. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite invades many cells of vertebrae spices but make symptoms only in fetus and immuno-deficient person. Studies have shown T. gondii can stimulate immune system against neoplastic cells and break fort of tumor environment. In this experimental work, Colon cancer bearing mice randomly divided into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with either lysate or irradiated tachyzoite of T. gondii respectively. The third group were left intact as control group. Our resulted data showed that in irradiated tachyzoite or lysate treated groups there was a significant reduction in tumor growth in comparison with control group. However, the difference in survival time was not statistically significant. In conclusion, treatment with T. gondii antigens resulted in suppression of tumor growth.

scholarly journals Immune System Alterations in Lung Cancer Patients

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mazzoccoli ◽  
M. Grilli ◽  
S. Carughi ◽  
F. Puzzolante ◽  
A. De Cata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Circadian Variations

The immune system plays an important role in the defense against neoplastic disease and immune responses show temporal changes related to circadian variations of antibodies, total lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cell mediated immune responses. In this study we evaluate, lymphocyte subpopulations and interleukin-2 (IL-2) serum levels in peripheral blood samples collected at four-hour intervals for 24-hours starting at 06.00h from ten healthy subjects aged 65–79 years (mean age ± S.E. 67.28 ±3.11) and from ten subjects suffering from untreated non small cell lung cancer aged 65–78 years (mean age ± S.E. 68.57 ± 1.81). Areas under the curve, mean diurnal levels (mean of 06.00–10.00–14.00 h) and mean nocturnal levels (mean of 18.00–22.00–02.00 h) were calculated, and the presence of circadian rhythmicity was evaluate. When we compared AUC values there was a decrease in CD8bright (T suppressor subset) and an increase in CD16 (natural killer cells) and of IL-2 serum levels in cancer patients. When we compared mean diurnal levels, CD8 (T suppressor/cytotoxic subset) and CD8bright levels were lower, and CD16 levels were higher in cancer patients. When we compared mean nocturnal levels, CD16 and CD25 (T and B activated lymphocytes with expression of the a chain of IL-2 receptor) levels were higher, while CD8, CD8bright, CD20 (total B-cells), TcRd1 (epitope of the constant domain of d chain of T-cell receptor 1) and dTcS1 (epitope of the variable domain of d chain of T-cell receptor1) levels were lower in cancer patients. A clear circadian rhythm was validated for the time-qualified changes in CD4, CD20, HLA-DR with acrophase at night, and CD8, CD8bright, CD8dim, CD16, TcRd1 and dTcS1 with acrophase in the morning in the control group. A clear circadian rhythm was validated for the time-qualified changes in CD4 with acrophase at night, in the group of cancer patients. Results obtained in our study show that lung cancer is associated with anomalies of proportion and circadian variations of lymphocyte subsets that must be considered when adoptive immunotherapy has to be planned.

Immunobiology in Otolaryngology

1978 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold E. Katz ◽  
John O. Nysather
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Atopic Disease ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Secretory Otitis Media ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Prevention Of Infection

Immunologic aspects of otolaryngologic diseases are appearing in our literature, and clinical applications of these concepts are becoming available. The significance of these advances is obscured by the confusing terminology usually employed; however, the terminology can be mastered without much difficulty. The humoral and cellular divisions of the immune system have long been recognized. The humoral division of the immune system appears to play a major role in the prevention of infection, autoimmune disease, and atopic disease. The cellular division is probably most important in the prevention of neoplastic disease. There is overlap and the systems do interact. Future manipulations of the immune system may assist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as chronic secretory otitis media, allergic rhinitis, and cancer of the head and neck.

scholarly journals Meningeal carcinomatosis and spinal cord infiltration caused by a locally invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a cat

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 205511691774281
Author(s):  
Christoforos Posporis ◽  
Llorenç Grau-Roma ◽  
Olga Travetti ◽  
Maria Oliveira ◽  
Laura Polledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Meningeal Carcinomatosis ◽  
Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Meningeal Enhancement ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Tau Inversion Recovery

Case summary A 12-year-old domestic shorthair cat was presented with acute non-painful hindlimb proprioceptive ataxia localising to T3–L3 spinal cord segments. MRI revealed paravertebral muscular hyperintensity on T2-weighted images at the level of T7–T8 vertebrae. The cat improved on conservative management but deteriorated 3 months later. Repeated MRI showed meningeal enhancement at the same level and hyperintensity of the paravertebral musculature extending to the right thoracic wall and pleural space on short tau inversion recovery images. Thoracic CT showed mineralised lesions of the right lung, restricted pleural effusion and expansile bone lesions affecting multiple ribs. The cat had been treated for pyothorax 5 years earlier but manifested no current respiratory signs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed lymphocytic pleocytosis but no neoplastic cells. Biopsy of the affected muscles and cytology of the lung and pleural lesions suggested a malignant epithelial cell tumour. Post-mortem examination confirmed a pulmonary adenocarcinoma locally infiltrating the thoracic wall, T7–T8 vertebrae and the spinal cord white matter. Meningeal carcinomatosis was detected with neoplastic cells invading the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord. No metastases were observed in other organs, indicating that neoplastic cells reached the spinal cord by direct extension. Relevance and novel information Spinal meningeal carcinomatosis has not been reported in dogs or cats with extraneural tumours but is a well-recognised condition in humans. A metastatic cause of meningeal enhancement should be considered in patients with neurological signs of unknown origin. Imaging findings and CSF results can be non-specific.

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