scholarly journals Importance for experiments in human medicine of imaging modalities for macroanatomical and histological study of rabbit suprarenal glands

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (08) ◽  
pp. 6286-2019
Author(s):  
OMER GURKAN DILEK ◽  
ROSEN STEFANOV DIMITROV ◽  
KAMELIA DIMCHEVA STAMATOVA-YOVCHEVA ◽  
DAVID GOSPODINOV YOVCHEV ◽  
RADOSLAV MIHAYLOV
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Suprarenal Gland ◽  
The Us ◽  
Suprarenal Glands ◽  
The Right

The morphological characteristics of the rabbit adrenal glands are currently investigated using routine imaging modalities. The aim of the study was to collect and interpret major findings and information in the literature on the rabbit as an animal model for investigations in humans. The suprarenal glands of thirty-four mature, clinically healthy New Zealand rabbits were studied using anatomical, routine histology, radiology, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging methods. The results demonstrated that the rabbit suprarenal glands are paired ellipsoid organs. The right gland was close to the right kidney, whereas the left gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The capsule was composed of dense connective tissue. The parenchyma consisted of three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticularis. The medulla was in the center of the glandular parenchyma. The glands’ radiological and CT features defined their position relative to the right and left kidneys. The right suprarenal gland was with normal attenuation. The left suprarenal gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The US features of the glands demonstrated variability in darkness and contrast, revealing specific histological features. The MRI peculiarities of the glands defined them as well visible findings

Abstract 254: Ultrasound Improves the Outcomes After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Stimulating the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Sun ◽  
Yuhan Zhang ◽  
Tingting Shu ◽  
Licai Liang ◽  
Weijing Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Mechanical Index ◽  
Inflammatory Pathway ◽  
The Us ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Right

Introduction: Recently it was shown that the ultrasound (US) treatment prevented renal ischemia- reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the US treatment against IRI after CPR . Hypothesis: US would improve the outcomes after resuscitation in a rat model of CPR, and the protective effect of US would be dependent on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) via α7nAChR. Methods: The animals were randomized into 5 groups (n=8 each): (1) CPR group: the rats underwent 6 mins of untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF) followed by CPR and defibrillation; (2) US group: the treatment was identical to the CPR group except that rats were exposed to US treatment 24h before CPR; (3) MLA group: the treatment was identical to the US group except thatα7nAChR antagonist MLA (4mg/kg) was administered 30 mins prior to US treatment and VF respectively; (4) GTS group: the treatment was identical to the CPR group except that α7nAChR agonist GTS-21(4mg/kg) was injected 30 mins before VF. (5) SHAM group: the rats were exposed to surgical preparation without CPR and US application. One day before CPR, the US treatment was delivered to the left kidney by US pulses (contrast general mode with 9 MHz) with a bursting mechanical index of 0.72. US pulses were 1 second in duration and were applied once every 6 seconds for 2 mins. After the treatment of the left kidney, the right kidney was exposed to US treatment for another 2 mins. Results: Significantly longer duration of survival was observed in US-treated animals. And US treatment also suppressed the TNF-α and IL-6 following resuscitation, and improved neurological function. The expression of α7nAChR were promoted in hippocampal neurons in US group. Moreover, the protective effect of US treatment could be abolished by MLA and imitated by GTS-21. Conclusions: US treatment before IRI improves the outcomes after CPR, and CAP via α7nAChR plays an important role during CPR.

scholarly journals Histological study of the adrenal gland in the adult Iraqi local male rabbits

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
N. A. Murad
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Connective Tissue Capsule ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Polyhedral Cells ◽  
Tissue Capsule

The present study was designed to provide basic data about the histological features of theadrenal gland in the adult Iraqi local male rabbits. The adrenal glands were paired, lie close thecraniomedial border of the kidney, together they weigh about 0.59 g ± 0.38. Each adrenal glandwas covered by a dense connective tissue capsule and consists of two layers: adrenal cortex andadrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex made up of columnar or polyhedral cells, and can be dividedin to three layers according to arrangement of its cells were: The zona glomerulosa immediatelyinside the capsule, consisting of closely packed, arched cords of columnar or pyramidal cellssurrounded by many capillaries. The zona fasciculata (middle zone) it consists of straightcolumns of large polyhedral cells. The zona reticuiaris ( innermost zone ) arranged as an irregularnetwork of anastomosing cords of cells surrounded by sinusoids.The Adrenal medulla iscomposed of large, polyhedral cells arranged in cords or groups and supported by a reticular fibernetwork. A profuse supply of sinusoidal capillaries intervenes between adjacent cords.

scholarly journals Retroperitoneal Schwannoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-228
Author(s):  
ASM Zahidur Rahman ◽  
Chanchal Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Zinat Rehana Sharmin
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Cystic Mass ◽  
Deep Soft Tissue ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Retroperitoneal Schwannoma ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gall Bladder Stones

A 45 years old woman admitted to our Hospital with pain in the right flank and right hypochondrium. Her abdominal USG and CT scan showed a large complex cystic mass present in the deep soft tissue compressing the right kidney. Multiple gall bladder stones were also found in imaging. Both the adrenal glands and left kidney had a normal appearance. The mass was completely resected with extended right subcostal incision along with excision of Gall bladder. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed a degenerated schwannoma. Patient was discharged on 8th day after operation without any complications.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2015; 33(4): 225-228

scholarly journals Peculiarities of microstructure of the suprarenal glands of rabbits with different types of autonomic tone

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-421
Author(s):  
M. V. Zakrevska ◽  
A. M. Tybinka
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Autonomic Tone ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Suprarenal Glands ◽  
Structural Parts

The article investigates the structure of the suprarenal (adrenal) glands of male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), in which, on the basis of electrocardiographic and variational-pulsometric studies, different types of autonomic tone were observed. This allowed the animals to be divided into three groups: 1) sympathicotonic rabbits; 2) normotonic rabbits; 3) parasympathicotonic rabbits. The animals of the first two groups were characterized by almost the same body weight, while weight of the rabbits of the third group was slightly higher. After euthanasia, the suprarenal glands were extracted for histological and histochemical analyses. Morphometric study of histopreparations revealed that in the normotonic rabbits the thickness of the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the suprarenal glands were of average sizes, and the area of the medulla was the smallest. The parasympathicotonic rabbits had the thickest zona glomerulosa and greatest area of the medulla, but the thinnest zona fasciculata. The sympathicotonic rabbits were observed to have the greatest thickness of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal glands, the area of the medulla was of average values, and the thickness of the zona glumerulosa was of minimum value. The type of autonomic tone also manifests in the saturation of each of the zones with cells. The normotonic rabbits were observed to have the highest number of cells per area of 1,000 µm² in the zona fasciculata and the medulla, sympathicotonic rabbits – in the zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis, and in parasympathicotonic rabbits this parameter had average or lowest values in all the zones. The sizes of cells and their structural parts were characterized on the basis of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. In the zona fasciculata and medulla this parameter was highest among parasympathicotonic rabbits, and lowest in sympathicotonic rabbits. In the zona glomerulosa, almost equal values were observed in the normotonic and parasympathicotonic rabbits, while being reliably lower in sympathicotonic rabbits. By the value of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in the zona reticularis, the normotonic rabbits dominated, followed by the sympathicotonic animals, and the parasympathicotonic rabbits had the lowest parameters.

scholarly journals Study on Morphometry of Adrenal Glands in live fetuses by Ultrasonography

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 8139-8144
Author(s):  
Maruti ram Annamraju ◽  
◽  
Alka Prasad ◽  
Srihari Rao Battalapalli ◽  
Subhadra Devi Velichety ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Maternal Diabetes ◽  
Ultra Sound ◽  
Suprarenal Gland ◽  
Institutional Ethics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Suprarenal Glands ◽  
Length Width

Introduction: Development of adrenal gland is always peculiar as it involves the complex process. It has an intriguing role in the harmonious development of fetus. Ultrasonographic Studies on fetal supra renal glands help in understanding the embryology of Suprarenal glands and are also useful in obstetrics, perinatology and fetopathology. Risk factors associated in the pregnancy like maternal diabetes and hypertension could impair the growth of adrenal glands. The nomograms of adrenal glands observed by ultrasonography are of clinical importance and help us in planning prevention and management of a fetus in high-risk pregnancies. This requires a feasible and repeatable screening test. Objective: To estimate various suprarenal gland measurements such as length, width, thickness, volume, surface area, circumference, thickness of cortex and medulla Materials and methods: Present study conducted with62 live normal human fetuses of different gestational ages ranging from 20 – 40 weeks, through ultrasonographic study using real time 4D and B mode Ge Voluson 730 pro ultra sound macine. Probes used were AB-2-7 Convex 2d abdominal Probe and RABA 4-8 Convex 4D abdominal probe. After obtaining the prior permission from the institutional ethics committee, consent from pregnant woman. Sex of the fetus was not revealed during ultrasonographic study. Fetal parameters of supra-renal gland were recorded and documented. Results: Suprarenal gland length, width, thickness, cortico-medullary thickness, surface area and circumference of both right and left side revealed significant difference (p<0.01). the detailed data analysis was presented in the subsequent headings. Conclusion: The data obtained from this study, may useful to understand the suprarenal morphometry in live fetuses thus the database useful in obstetrics, perinatology and fetopathology.

scholarly journals Biometry of Adrenal Glands of Mixed-Breed Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Oliveira Trivilin ◽  
Francisco De Assis Pessoa Júnior ◽  
Maria Aparecida Da Silva ◽  
Leandro André Milholli ◽  
Felipe Martins Pastor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Right

Background: Differences of the size of the adrenal glands, in healthy dogs or in endocrinopathies, undermine correct diagnosis of endocrine disorders and evaluations of the adrenal cortex in relation to its size and possible correlation with endocrinopathies are rare. The aim of the present study was to perform measurements of the length, width, thickness and weight of the adrenal glands of young, adult and elderly mixed-breed dogs and correlate them with the age, sex and weight of animals. In addition, the areas occupied by the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex were measured in order to establish a microscopic biometric pattern.Material, Methods & Results: The right and left adrenal glands of 12 young (six females and six males), 12 adults (six females and six males), and 12 elderly (six females and six males), all mongrels, derived from routine and necropsied in the Animal Pathology Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (HOVET-UFES) were weighed and the length, width, and thickness were measured. For the microscopic measurement of the adrenal cortex, 10 randomly selected samples were submitted to routine histological processing and the microscope slides were observed under a light microscope at 5× and 10× objectives, photodocumented and measurements were obtained from a random portion of the adrenal cortex and the zones composing the cortex were measured in triplicate with the aid of the computerized image analysis software. The left adrenal showed a greater average length than the right adrenal in young, adult, and elderly dogs. The size of the glands in the young and adult dogs is not influenced by the sex of the animals, but in older dogs the females had a greater mean width than the males. The weight of the animals presented a positive correlation in relation to the length and weight of the right and left adrenal glands in all studied groups. The age did not influence the length and weight variables of the glands. However, some differences in thickness and width were observed in the elderly group compared to those in other groups. For the microscopic measurements in the right adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.53 mm, being 0.21 mm for the glomerular zone (14.6% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.04 mm for the zona fasciculata (66.9%), and 0.29 mm for the zona reticularis (18.5%). In the left adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.83 mm, being 0.23 mm for the glomerular zone (13.2% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.23 mm for the zona fasciculata (63.96%), and 0.37 for the zona reticularis (22.84%).Discussion: Studies on the size of the adrenal gland in dogs using macroscopic biometrics are scarce, and the current study presents results regarding mixed-breed (male and female) dogs of different ages, which presented variation in size and weight, which could also influence the size of the adrenal gland. Thus, it can be observed that a variation of measurements can be found, especially for dogs with no defined breed. These results demonstrate the importance of studies that perform the macroscopic analysis of such glands. It was concluded that there was a clear variation in the size of the adrenal glands in mixed-breed dogs of different ages and both sexes; the left adrenal showed greater lengths and weights than the right gland. The sex of the animals did not influence the size of the glands in young and adult dogs, but in elderly dogs, the females showed a greater mean width than the males. The right and left adrenal cortices are formed at a greater percentage by the zona fasciculata, followed by the zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa.

scholarly journals Renal morphological description of brown brocket deer, Mazama gouazoubira, Fisher 1814 (Artiodactyla; cervidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e4929108868
Author(s):  
Tracy Martina Marques Martins ◽  
Táric Ramon Marques Martins ◽  
Cássio Aparecido Pereira Fontana ◽  
Fabiano Campos Lima ◽  
Dayane Kelly Sabec Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Caudal Artery ◽  
Hilar Region ◽  
Mazama Gouazoubira ◽  
The Right ◽  
Similar Organization ◽  
Brocket Deer

The brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) is a deer that lives in South America, particularly in Brazil and nearby countries such as Uruguay and Argentina. This study aimed to describe the topography, morphology, wraps and renal arterial segments of brocket deer. Used two specimens of M. gouazoubira; through dissection, the skin was completely removed and later scored the arteries of animals with stained latex red later the animals were fixed in a formaldehyde solution 10%. Sequentially through a ventral access block was removed from the animal gut and kidneys disjoint this block. The right kidney located at the level of the vertebrae L1-L3 and the left kidney at the level of vertebrae L2-L4 were presented rounded with smooth convex faces without lobation, wrapped sequentially by a thin fibrous capsule, the renal fat and fascia capsule. Medial to each kidney, the adrenal glands were. Renal artery forked in the hilar region in the cranial and caudal artery sectoral and one of these sectoral arteries (cranial and caudal) originated five main segments directed to the ventral region and the dorsal region each kidney, these segments are again bifurcated arterial segments totaling 14. Microscopically the kidneys presented similar organization to that presented by the ruminants with cortical and medullary region with fused lobes. The kidneys brocket deer resemble the kidneys of other ruminants in general, and to carnivores. Thus, its morphology, topography and the renal arterial segments and anatomical and surgical territories of the species studied have been shown to be unique.

scholarly journals Histological study of normal human suprarenal gland of different age groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Maruti Ram Annamaraju ◽  
Subhadra Devi Velichety ◽  
Ravindra Kumar Boddeti ◽  
Srihari Rao Battalapalli
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Suprarenal Gland ◽  
Well Differentiated

Background: Adrenal gland is a lifesaving endocrine gland of the human body. Knowledge of normal microscopic anatomy of the Adrenal gland facilitates Pathologists to correlate and make the differential diagnosis of various adrenal glands associated clinical conditions on histopathological examination. Aims and Objective: To study histological features of human adrenal gland in the post-natal period at different ages. Materials and Methods: Present study is conducted with 98 human adrenal glands from 49 unclaimed dead bodies during an autopsy and 22 human adrenal glands from 11 cadavers during routine dissection in S.V Medical College, Tirupati, which were utilized after obtaining consent from the close kith and kin. During the autopsy/dissection, the samples collected were from 2 Years to 64 years of age individuals of both sex with typical external features and divided into three groups. The first group consisted of less than 25 years of age. The second group consists of ages between 26 years to 50 years. The third group included 51 years and above, and all the specimens are processed for histological staining and observed under the microscope. Results: At 2 years well-developed capsule with large vessels and well-differentiated zones of definitive cortex and medulla were identified. The thick muscular coat of the central vein was identified at 20 years. At 36 years & 45 years, cellular architecture in various zones is very well differentiated. At 65 years, the cortico-medullary demarcation was irregular, and vascularity decreased. Conclusion: Histological features of pre-pubertal, adult, and old age group sections helps in the understanding of post-natal changes in the growth of the Suprarenal gland and its functions.

scholarly journals Navigation and design of adrenal surgery with the aid of computed tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Sofya G. Blyumina ◽  
Pavel N. Romashchenko ◽  
Igor S. Zheleznyak
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Right

This study evaluated the possibilities of designing a safe access for adrenalectomy using preoperative computed tomography navigation. The outcomes of surgical interventions in 1.457 patients with diseases of the adrenal glands requiring surgery were examined, among which 1.209 patients underwent endovideosurgery with a follow-up period of up to 20 years. Of the total number of patients, 418 were included in the analysis for the preoperative design of access for adrenalectomy using computed tomography navigation. This cohort was conditionally divided into a retrospective group (n = 157) and a prospective group (n = 261). After a comprehensive examination of patients with adrenal formations, according to the algorithm developed at the department, an integral assessment of the leading anthropometric (body mass index and physique form) and computed tomography criteria (i.e., formation diameter; tumor synthopia with respect to the walls of the inferior vena cava; length of the central adrenal vein and the place of its confluence with the lower hollow and renal veins; location of the tumor relative to the lower vein of the right lobe of the liver, as well as relative to the gate of the right kidney; location near the aortorenal vascular triangle; gate of the left kidney; and spleen vessels) allows us to justify the selection of a rational technique and the volume of the surgical treatment. Among endovideosurgical interventions, adrenalectomy from a retroperitoneoscopic access has a significant advantage because it causes the least trauma and short operating time in comparison with laparoscopic access. No intraoperative complications occurred, taking into account the planning of the access option and technique for performing adrenalectomy. Expected complications that may have occurred during adrenalectomy were damage to the central vein of the adrenal glands, renal and spleen vessels, and inferior vena cava and intraoperative blood loss. In general, an increase in operating time directly depends on the peculiarities of the location of the tumor in the adrenal gland, which can be evaluated in detail using preoperative computed tomography, making it possible to reasonably use endovideosurgical or open adrenalectomy alternatives and thus reliably improving the immediate treatment outcomes of the patients.

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