Study on Morphometry of Adrenal Glands in live fetuses by Ultrasonography

Introduction: Development of adrenal gland is always peculiar as it involves the complex process. It has an intriguing role in the harmonious development of fetus. Ultrasonographic Studies on fetal supra renal glands help in understanding the embryology of Suprarenal glands and are also useful in obstetrics, perinatology and fetopathology. Risk factors associated in the pregnancy like maternal diabetes and hypertension could impair the growth of adrenal glands. The nomograms of adrenal glands observed by ultrasonography are of clinical importance and help us in planning prevention and management of a fetus in high-risk pregnancies. This requires a feasible and repeatable screening test. Objective: To estimate various suprarenal gland measurements such as length, width, thickness, volume, surface area, circumference, thickness of cortex and medulla Materials and methods: Present study conducted with62 live normal human fetuses of different gestational ages ranging from 20 – 40 weeks, through ultrasonographic study using real time 4D and B mode Ge Voluson 730 pro ultra sound macine. Probes used were AB-2-7 Convex 2d abdominal Probe and RABA 4-8 Convex 4D abdominal probe. After obtaining the prior permission from the institutional ethics committee, consent from pregnant woman. Sex of the fetus was not revealed during ultrasonographic study. Fetal parameters of supra-renal gland were recorded and documented. Results: Suprarenal gland length, width, thickness, cortico-medullary thickness, surface area and circumference of both right and left side revealed significant difference (p<0.01). the detailed data analysis was presented in the subsequent headings. Conclusion: The data obtained from this study, may useful to understand the suprarenal morphometry in live fetuses thus the database useful in obstetrics, perinatology and fetopathology.

Download Full-text

Importance for experiments in human medicine of imaging modalities for macroanatomical and histological study of rabbit suprarenal glands

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (08) ◽

pp. 6286-2019

Author(s):

OMER GURKAN DILEK ◽

ROSEN STEFANOV DIMITROV ◽

KAMELIA DIMCHEVA STAMATOVA-YOVCHEVA ◽

DAVID GOSPODINOV YOVCHEV ◽

RADOSLAV MIHAYLOV

Keyword(s):

Adrenal Glands ◽

Histological Study ◽

Left Kidney ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Zona Glomerulosa ◽

Imaging Modalities ◽

Suprarenal Gland ◽

The Us ◽

Suprarenal Glands ◽

The Right

The morphological characteristics of the rabbit adrenal glands are currently investigated using routine imaging modalities. The aim of the study was to collect and interpret major findings and information in the literature on the rabbit as an animal model for investigations in humans. The suprarenal glands of thirty-four mature, clinically healthy New Zealand rabbits were studied using anatomical, routine histology, radiology, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging methods. The results demonstrated that the rabbit suprarenal glands are paired ellipsoid organs. The right gland was close to the right kidney, whereas the left gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The capsule was composed of dense connective tissue. The parenchyma consisted of three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticularis. The medulla was in the center of the glandular parenchyma. The glands’ radiological and CT features defined their position relative to the right and left kidneys. The right suprarenal gland was with normal attenuation. The left suprarenal gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The US features of the glands demonstrated variability in darkness and contrast, revealing specific histological features. The MRI peculiarities of the glands defined them as well visible findings

Download Full-text

Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound targeted biopsies versus standard systematic biopsies for prostate cancer correction in different PSA value groups in rural China

Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation ◽

10.3233/ch-200993 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Dian Yuan Lu ◽

Lan Liu ◽

Li Shen ◽

Jian Rong Cai ◽

Li Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Cancer Detection ◽

Detection Rate ◽

Rural China ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽

Biopsy Core ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Positive Rate

OBJECTIVE: To investigate prostate cancer detection rate of different biopsy protocols in different PSA value groups in rural China. METHODS: A total of 186 patients underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in order to determine the puncture target prior to biopsy were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients underwent 12-core SB combined with CEUS-TB. The biopsy results of different biopsy protocols were compared in patients with stratification by PSA value. RESULTS: Among the 186 patients underwent prostate biopsy, the histopathologic results revealed prostate cancer (PCa) in 117 cases (62.9%) and benign lesions in 69 cases (37.1%). The PCa detection rate between 8-core SB and 12-core SB showed no significant difference in PSA 4–10 ng/ml group, while the 12-core SB was significantly higher than CEUS-TB (44.9% versus 32.7% , P = 0.01). In PSA 10–20 ng/ml group, the significant difference was not seen between SB and CEUS-TB (50.0% versus 45.7% , P = 0.15). As for PSA greater than 20 ng/ml group, the PCa detection rate by SB was higher than CEUS-TB, but showed no statistically significance (79.1% versus 76.9% , P = 0.15). In the overall patients, the biopsy core positive rate of CEUS-TB was significantly higher than SB (97% versus 55.5% and 28.5% , P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The flexible use of SB combined with CEUS-TB can reduce the number of biopsy cores in higher PSA groups. It has clinical importance in the detection of PCa in different PSA value groups in rural China.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Receiver Placement on Probe Microphone, Performance, and Subjective Measures with Open Canal Hearing Instruments

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.3766/jaaa.21.4.4 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 21 (04) ◽

pp. 249-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lynzee N. Alworth ◽

Patrick N. Plyler ◽

Monika Bertges Reber ◽

Patti M. Johnstone

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Subjective Measures ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Hearing Instruments ◽

Data Collection And Analysis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Occlusion Effect

Background: Open canal hearing instruments differ in method of sound delivery to the ear canal, distance between the microphone and the receiver, and physical size of the devices. Moreover, RITA (receiver in the aid) and RITE (receiver in the ear) hearing instruments may also differ in terms of retention and comfort as well as ease of use and care for certain individuals. What remains unclear, however, is if any or all of the abovementioned factors contribute to hearing aid outcome. Purpose: To determine the effect of receiver location on performance and/or preference of listeners using open canal hearing instruments. Research Design: An experimental study in which subjects were exposed to a repeated measures design. Study Sample: Twenty-five adult listeners with mild sloping to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss (mean age 67 yr). Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed two six-week trial periods for each device type. Probe microphone, objective, and subjective measures (quiet, noise) were conducted unaided and aided at the end of each trial period. Results: Occlusion effect results were not significantly different between the RITA and RITE instruments; however, frequency range was extended in the RITE instruments, resulting in significantly greater maximum gain for the RITE instruments than the RITA instruments at 4000 and 6000 Hz. Objective performance in quiet or in noise was unaffected by receiver location. Subjective measures revealed significantly greater satisfaction ratings for the RITE than for the RITA instruments. Similarly, preference in quiet and overall preference were significantly greater for the RITE than for the RITA instruments. Conclusions: Although no occlusion differences were noted between instruments, the RITE did demonstrate a significant difference in reserve gain before feedback at 4000 and 6000 Hz. Objectively; no positive benefit was noted between unaided and aided conditions on speech recognition tests. These results suggest that such testing may not be sensitive enough to determine aided benefit with open canal instruments. However, the subjective measures (Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit [APHAB] and subjective ratings) did indicate aided benefit for both instruments when compared to unaided. This further suggests the clinical importance of subjective measures as a way to measure aided benefit of open-fit devices.

Download Full-text

The clinical relevance of anti-dsDNA antibodies determined by the Elia™ dsDNA assay in patients with negative indirect immunofluorescence on the HEp-2 cell

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2020-1408 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Christoph Robier ◽

Maximiliane Haas ◽

Franz Quehenberger

Keyword(s):

Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Medical Records ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Combined Use ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dsdna Antibodies

AbstractObjectivesData on the clinical importance of the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies in patients with negative indirect immunofluorescence on the HEp-2 cell (IIF) are sparse and are especially not available for all common commercially available assays. This study aimed to assess the clinical significance of anti-dsDNA antibodies determined by the Elia™ dsDNA assay in patients with negative IIF.MethodsWe retrospectively examined the medical records of 234 consecutive subjects with detectable anti-dsDNA antibodies determined by the Elia™ dsDNA assay.ResultsA total of 124 subjects with detectable anti-dsDNA autoantibodies were IIF-negative, but yielded positive or borderline results in the Elia™ CTD screen assay for antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Within this group, 6/49 IIF-negative patients (12%) with ANA-associated systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders (AASARD) and 118/185 subjects (64%) with various other diseases (Non-AASARD) were identified. There was no statistically significant difference with regard to the concentrations of anti-dsDNA antibodies (p=0.53) between the AASARD and the Non-AASARD group. Within the AASARD group, four patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, treated), discoid lupus erythematosus (untreated), indetermined connective tissue disease (untreated) and polymyositis (treated) had positive anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, whereas two patients with treated SLE, thereby one in remission, had borderline concentrations of anti-dsDNA antibodies.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies in IIF-negative patients can be of clinical relevance in some cases. Our results further support the combined use of IIF and solid-phase assays in screening algorithms for ANA, in order to avoid overlooking potentially important autoantibody entities.

Download Full-text

589 Methadone in Procedural Care for Burn Injuries of 20–30% Total Burn Surface Area: A Retrospective Chart Review

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/irab032.239 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S146-S146

Author(s):

Loryn Taylor ◽

Kimberly Maynell ◽

Thanh Tran ◽

David J Smith

Keyword(s):

Physical Therapy ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Pain Intensity ◽

Surface Area ◽

Chart Review ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Opioid Consumption ◽

Burn Injuries ◽

Methadone Group ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction Prolonged opioid usage remains a concern in pain management in procedural care. Recent evidence also suggests that a considerable number of patients who were prescribed opioids struggle with transitioning to non-opioid pain medications. As a continuous effort to reduce opioid consumption following burn surgical procedures, our institution recently evaluated methadone administration for burn procedural care in patients with 20–30% total burn surface area (TBSA) requiring excision and grafting. Methods After IRB approval, we performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent excision and grafting procedure for 20–30% TBSA burn injuries between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020. The following data was evaluated: postoperative opioid consumption, postoperative pain intensity (rated as “No Pain” [NRS=0], “Minor Pain” [NRS 1 to 3], “Moderate Pain” [NRS 4 to 6], “Severe Pain” [NRS 7 to 10]), time to physical therapy and time to hospital discharge. Data was analyzed using chi square/Fisher exact test for categorical variables and t-test/Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables. Results Our preliminary data included 12 patients who met inclusion criteria, of which two patients received methadone administration. Our patient sample consisted of average age of 43 years, 75% male, and 24% TBSA (92% were flame burns). Patients in both methadone and non-methadone groups had no significant differences in medical histories and TBSA (23% TBSA in methadone, 25% TBSA in non-methadone). There was no significant difference in reported preoperative pain intensity between the two groups, rating moderate to severe. Postoperative pain intensity remained the same, rating moderate to severe and controlled with fentanyl, oxycodone, morphine and non-opioid analgesics. While there was no difference in postoperative fentanyl, opioid and non-opioid analgesic consumptions between the two groups, morphine consumption was significantly lower in the methadone group compared to non-methadone group (2±2 mg vs 51±54 mg, respectively, p=0.02). There was no significant difference between average time from surgery to first physical therapy session and time to hospital discharge (about 21 days after surgery) between the two groups. Conclusions This evaluation shows a potential trend in reduction of inpatient postoperative opioid consumption with the conjunctive administration of methadone, although a bigger sample size is needed for further assessment.

Download Full-text

Inhibin and follistatin concentrations in fetal tissues and fluids during gestation in sheep: evidence for activin in amniotic fluid

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1410219 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 141 (2) ◽

pp. 219-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S Wongprasartsuk ◽

G Jenkin ◽

J R McFarlane ◽

M Goodman ◽

D M de Kretser

Keyword(s):

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Adrenal Glands ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Pituitary Cells ◽

Fetal Sheep ◽

Fetal Testis ◽

Cells In Culture ◽

Tissue Extracts ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Individual

Abstract The concentrations of inhibin and follistatin in amniotic fluid and in tissue extracts from the placenta, gonads and adrenals of fetal sheep were measured using radioimmunoassays. These tissue extracts were from whole fetuses from days 16 to 45 and from the individual organs from day 46 to 145 (term) and were assayed at multiple dilutions. The capacity of these extracts to alter FSH production of rat anterior pituitary cells in culture was also assessed at multiple dilutions. Immunoactive inhibin concentrations in amniotic fluid from both sexes increased during gestation and levels were significantly greater in males than females. Peak concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin of 11·2±1·9 ng/ml were found in males at 116–125 days of gestation. Follistatin concentrations did not change throughout gestation and no significant difference was noted between sexes. Mean follistatin levels throughout gestation were 3·0±0·9 ng/ml for males and 3·7±0·9 ng/ml for females. Despite the potential for FSH inhibition by inhibin and follistatin, amniotic fluid from both sexes at all stages of gestation stimulated FSH secretion in the pituitary cell bioassays, suggesting the presence of activin which was confirmed by the measurement of immunoactive activin (13·3±2·5 ng/ml) in a specific radioimmunoassay. Maximum concentrations of immunoactive and bioactive inhibin in placental extracts were observed in late gestation (2·2 ±0·6 and 3·8±1·6 ng/g respectively) and there was no significant difference between sexes. Follistatin concentrations in placental cotyledons ranged from 11·5 to 27·1 ng/g with no significant difference between sexes. In view of the higher follistatin concentrations compared with inhibin, it is likely that the capacity of placental extracts to suppress FSH production by pituitary cells in culture is due predominantly to follistatin. Immunoactive inhibin was observed in high concentrations in the fetal testis throughout gestation; with concentrations increasing to a maximum of 1993·0± 519·7 ng/g at 126–135 days of gestation with a ratio of bioactive: immunoactive inhibin of 1:20. Although bioactive and immunoactive inhibin was also observed in fetal ovaries and adrenals from both male and female fetuses, concentrations were lower than those observed in fetal testes. Follistatin concentrations in the fetal testis were elevated between 70 and 95 days (97·6 ng/g) and then declined. Similar concentrations were found in the adrenal glands of both sexes (males 83·5–103·3 ng/g: females 55·3–95·8 ng/g). In both males and females, immunoactive inhibin concentrations in fetal adrenals increased during gestation peaking at levels of 34·4±16·5 and 27·8± 9·0 ng/g respectively. These data suggest that the capacity of adrenal extracts to suppress FSH production by pituitary cells is due to both inhibin and follistatin. These studies demonstrated that significant concentrations of immunoactive inhibin and follistatin are present in amniotic fluid, and the fetal gonads, adrenal glands and placenta in sheep. The role of these proteins during fetal development requires further study. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 219–229

Download Full-text

Organosilane-functionalization of nanostructured indium tin oxide films

Interface Focus ◽

10.1098/rsfs.2016.0056 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 20160056 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

R. Pruna ◽

F. Palacio ◽

M. Martínez ◽

O. Blázquez ◽

S. Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Indium Tin Oxide ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Annealing Treatment ◽

Electrochemical Analysis ◽

Cyclic Voltammograms ◽

X Ray ◽

Chip Technology ◽

Significant Difference

Fabrication and organosilane-functionalization and characterization of nanostructured ITO electrodes are reported. Nanostructured ITO electrodes were obtained by electron beam evaporation, and a subsequent annealing treatment was selectively performed to modify their crystalline state. An increase in geometrical surface area in comparison with thin-film electrodes area was observed by atomic force microscopy, implying higher electroactive surface area for nanostructured ITO electrodes and thus higher detection levels. To investigate the increase in detectability, chemical organosilane-functionalization of nanostructured ITO electrodes was performed. The formation of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPTS) layers was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As an indirect method to confirm the presence of organosilane molecules on the ITO substrates, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were also carried out. Cyclic voltammograms of functionalized ITO electrodes presented lower reduction-oxidation peak currents compared with non-functionalized ITO electrodes. These results demonstrate the presence of the epoxysilane coating on the ITO surface. EIS showed that organosilane-functionalized electrodes present higher polarization resistance, acting as an electronic barrier for the electron transfer between the conductive solution and the ITO electrode. The results of these electrochemical measurements, together with the significant difference in the X-ray spectra between bare ITO and organosilane-functionalized ITO substrates, may point to a new exploitable oxide-based nanostructured material for biosensing applications. As a first step towards sensing, rapid functionalization of such substrates and their application to electrochemical analysis is tested in this work. Interestingly, oxide-based materials are highly integrable with the silicon chip technology, which would permit the easy adaptation of such sensors into lab-on-a-chip configurations, providing benefits such as reduced size and weight to facilitate on-chip integration, and leading to low-cost mass production of microanalysis systems.

Download Full-text

Acid Challenge on Push-Out Bond Strength of Three Different Tricalcium Silicate Cements: An In-vitro Study

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i431173 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 72-79

Author(s):

Mattapudi Basavaiah Babu ◽

T. B. V. G. Raju ◽

N. Mahendra Varma ◽

Gowtam Dev Dondapati ◽

Srivalli Podili ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Critical Role ◽

Compressive Load ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Filling Material ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Push Out ◽

Acid Challenge

Aim: To evaluate the impact of environmental pH on intra-radicular dentin push-out bond strengths of MTA, MTA HP, and Biodentine. Materials and Methodology: Freshly extracted human mandibular single-rooted premolars or maxillary anterior incisors that were either intact or contained only small carious lesions were selected.120 mid root dentins is horizontally divided into 1.0 mm thick slices and divided into 3 MTA, MTA HP, BIODENTINE groups. The compressive load is applied at a speed of 0.5 mm/min by exerting a downward pressure on the outer surface of MTA using a 1.00 mm diameter cylindrical stainless-steel plunger. Maximum load to MTA was reported in newtons at the time of dislodgement and converted to megapascals. The 1-way analysis of variance test was used to compare the push-out bond strength of the groups with the same storage time (4 or 34 days), followed by the pair-wise comparison of the Tukey post hoc test. The Student's t-test was used to evaluate 3-group means. At P = .005, the degree of significance was set. Thus the clinical importance of the present study states that considering several factors like microhardness, composition by products, particle sizes and the environmental pH plays a critical role in selection of root end filling material. Results: There was significant difference between groups (P = .001) after 4 days of PBS and Acid condition, where Bio dentine had significantly the highest bond strength. Conclusion: The strength of MTA HP, BIODENTINE, MTA materials at dentine interface increases over 30 days in the storage of PBS solution at pH 7.4, after an initial acid challenge by acetic acid of pH 5.4, which decreases initial bond strength.

Download Full-text

A New Zinc-based Metal Organic Framework as a Stationary Phase for Thin Layer Chromatography

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1030213 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107-117

Author(s):

Mouhammad Abu Rasheed ◽

Ahmad Alshaghel ◽

Amir Alhaj Sakur

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Stationary Phase ◽

Thin Layer Chromatography ◽

Surface Area ◽

High Surface ◽

Ultra Sound ◽

Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Layer Chromatography

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a variety of micro-porous materials which have high surface area, and permanent porosity making them possible options as chromatographic stationary phases. Herein we reported the synthesis and characterization of a new MOF structure and its utilization as a stationary phase for thin layer chromatography (TLC). [Zn(BMAB).DMF]n is a zinc-based MOF with an organic linker consists of chemically distinct binding groups which is 4-{[(1h-1,2,3-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]amino}benzoic acid (BMAB). This MOF was synthesized using ultra sound assisted reaction process, then activated via solvent exchange protocol to preserve its porous structure. FT-IR, UV-diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed to characterize the synthesized MOF. Integrated data from "loss on desolvation" and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) measurements were used to define the chemical composition of the synthesized material. A specific surface area of 122.9 m2/g was determined for the activated MOF using methylene blue langmuir isotherm method. TLC plates were prepared from the activated form of the structure to investigate its chromatographic characteristics by utilizing it to separate a model mixture of benzidine and o-tolidine using n-propanol: Chloroform: Acetonitrile (50:30:20, v/v/v) as a mobile phase. The retardation factors (Rf), separation factor, and resolution (Rs) were determined via densitometric method at 310 nm to be 0.45 and 0.63 (α=2.08, Rs=1.61) for o-tolidine and benzidine; respectively. The plate was then visualized using iodine chamber method to confirm a successful separation.

Download Full-text

Introduction to case-based learning: An attempt to integrate topics in biochemistry

10.25259/aujmsr_25_2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Sukhraj Kaur ◽

Ritu Sharma

Keyword(s):

Medical Curriculum ◽

Case Histories ◽

Self Directed Learning ◽

Innovative Teaching ◽

Institutional Ethics ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Case Based Learning ◽

Teaching Learning ◽

Case Based

Objectives: Biochemistry is one of the foundation sciences in the medical curriculum, which has immense importance in understanding the future clinical sciences, but it is generally considered to be a subject of just countless biochemical structures, pathways, and reactions. Conventionally, it was taught by means of didactic lectures, tutorials, and practical classes. These days, the education system is changing to a student-centered teaching–learning process with the use of various innovative teaching methods. Case-based learning (CBL) is one such approach which can make learning more effective and interesting. To generate interest of students in Biochemistry by correlating topics and their clinical application. Materials and Methods: After taking permission from the Institutional ethics committee, the students were given didactic lecture on the integration of carbohydrates and lipid metabolisms followed by a test (pre-test). They were then divided into small groups and given case histories which they were to discuss amongst themselves and arrive at a conclusion. These case histories were then discussed one to one with the facilitator. The students were again given a test (post-test). Results: There was a significant difference in the marks obtained in pre and post-test. Majority of the students felt it was an enjoyable and effective way of studying Biochemistry. Faculty also gave an encouraging response. Conclusion: CBL can be an important way of stimulating the students for self-directed learning and integrating topics of Biochemistry so that they are easily conceptualized.

Download Full-text