scholarly journals Biometry of Adrenal Glands of Mixed-Breed Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Oliveira Trivilin ◽  
Francisco De Assis Pessoa Júnior ◽  
Maria Aparecida Da Silva ◽  
Leandro André Milholli ◽  
Felipe Martins Pastor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Right

Background: Differences of the size of the adrenal glands, in healthy dogs or in endocrinopathies, undermine correct diagnosis of endocrine disorders and evaluations of the adrenal cortex in relation to its size and possible correlation with endocrinopathies are rare. The aim of the present study was to perform measurements of the length, width, thickness and weight of the adrenal glands of young, adult and elderly mixed-breed dogs and correlate them with the age, sex and weight of animals. In addition, the areas occupied by the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex were measured in order to establish a microscopic biometric pattern.Material, Methods & Results: The right and left adrenal glands of 12 young (six females and six males), 12 adults (six females and six males), and 12 elderly (six females and six males), all mongrels, derived from routine and necropsied in the Animal Pathology Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (HOVET-UFES) were weighed and the length, width, and thickness were measured. For the microscopic measurement of the adrenal cortex, 10 randomly selected samples were submitted to routine histological processing and the microscope slides were observed under a light microscope at 5× and 10× objectives, photodocumented and measurements were obtained from a random portion of the adrenal cortex and the zones composing the cortex were measured in triplicate with the aid of the computerized image analysis software. The left adrenal showed a greater average length than the right adrenal in young, adult, and elderly dogs. The size of the glands in the young and adult dogs is not influenced by the sex of the animals, but in older dogs the females had a greater mean width than the males. The weight of the animals presented a positive correlation in relation to the length and weight of the right and left adrenal glands in all studied groups. The age did not influence the length and weight variables of the glands. However, some differences in thickness and width were observed in the elderly group compared to those in other groups. For the microscopic measurements in the right adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.53 mm, being 0.21 mm for the glomerular zone (14.6% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.04 mm for the zona fasciculata (66.9%), and 0.29 mm for the zona reticularis (18.5%). In the left adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.83 mm, being 0.23 mm for the glomerular zone (13.2% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.23 mm for the zona fasciculata (63.96%), and 0.37 for the zona reticularis (22.84%).Discussion: Studies on the size of the adrenal gland in dogs using macroscopic biometrics are scarce, and the current study presents results regarding mixed-breed (male and female) dogs of different ages, which presented variation in size and weight, which could also influence the size of the adrenal gland. Thus, it can be observed that a variation of measurements can be found, especially for dogs with no defined breed. These results demonstrate the importance of studies that perform the macroscopic analysis of such glands. It was concluded that there was a clear variation in the size of the adrenal glands in mixed-breed dogs of different ages and both sexes; the left adrenal showed greater lengths and weights than the right gland. The sex of the animals did not influence the size of the glands in young and adult dogs, but in elderly dogs, the females showed a greater mean width than the males. The right and left adrenal cortices are formed at a greater percentage by the zona fasciculata, followed by the zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa.

VERGLEICHENDE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BIOGENESE VON STEROIDHORMONEN BEI DURCHSTRÖMUNG ÜBERLEBENDER NEBENNIEREN EINER PATIENTIN MIT CUSHING- UND EINER PATIENTIN MIT CONN-SYNDROM

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schriefers ◽  
J. M. Bayer ◽  
M. Pittel
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Conn’S Syndrome ◽  
Adrenal Cortical Adenoma ◽  
Aldosterone Production ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT In vitro perfusion experiments were carried out with adrenal glands surgically removed from a patient with Cushing's syndrome (hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex) and a patient with Conn's syndrome (adrenal cortical adenoma). From the perfusates the following steroids were extracted, estimated and identified: cortisol, corticosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, cortisone and aldosterone. The secretion capacities of the right Cushing adrenal and of the adrenal gland bearing the adenoma were compared with each other. In both adrenals cortisol was the main secretion product and the secretion rates of aldosterone were lowest and practically equal. The Cushing adrenal differed from the adrenal gland with the adenoma in its higher secretion rate of all investigated steroids except aldosterone, in its higher cortisol/aldosterone ratio and in its response to the administration of ACTH. To this stimulus the aldosterone production of the Cushing adrenal reacted in the same rate as the cortisol release. The adrenal gland with the adenoma of the patient with Conn's syndrome had only a relatively higher aldosterone secretion rate in respect to its lower cortisol production (lower cortisol/aldosterone ratio). The total preparation consisting of the adrenal with the adenoma responded neither to ACTH nor to hypertensin. The missing response of the adrenal cortex not including the tumor to ACTH is explained by the structural change in the sense of the so called regressive transformation (small zona fasciculata with relative large zona glomerulosa and reticularis) which was found in our case. Dehydroepiandrosterone was demonstrable in none of the perfusate extracts even under the condition where the left adrenal of the Cushing patient was perfused with added 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone.

Electrical responses in cat adrenal cortex: possible relation to aldosterone secretion.

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (2) ◽  
pp. E158 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Natke ◽  
E Kabela
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Membrane Depolarization ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
Stimulus Secretion Coupling

The effects of secretagogues for aldosterone release were studied on the membrane potential of cells in the adrenal cortex of the cat. Adrenal glands were excised, sliced, and continuously superfused. Membrane potentials were recorded from both zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata-reticularis. Secretagogues, angiotensin II (1 microgram/ml) and 20 mM KCl, were found to depolarize cells rapidly. Ouabain (10(-5) M) also depolarized the membrane potential although the response was sluggish. Samples of the superfusate were collected and analyzed by radioimmunoassay for their aldosterone and cortisol content. Depolarizing concentrations of angiotensin II, KCl, and ouabain seemed to increase aldosterone release. Cortisol output was more variable. Saralasin blocked the effects of angiotensin II on the membrane potential. These experiments suggest that membrane depolarization plays a role in the stimulus-secretion coupling of mineral corticoids.

scholarly journals Histological study of the adrenal gland in the adult Iraqi local male rabbits

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
N. A. Murad
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Connective Tissue Capsule ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Polyhedral Cells ◽  
Tissue Capsule

The present study was designed to provide basic data about the histological features of theadrenal gland in the adult Iraqi local male rabbits. The adrenal glands were paired, lie close thecraniomedial border of the kidney, together they weigh about 0.59 g ± 0.38. Each adrenal glandwas covered by a dense connective tissue capsule and consists of two layers: adrenal cortex andadrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex made up of columnar or polyhedral cells, and can be dividedin to three layers according to arrangement of its cells were: The zona glomerulosa immediatelyinside the capsule, consisting of closely packed, arched cords of columnar or pyramidal cellssurrounded by many capillaries. The zona fasciculata (middle zone) it consists of straightcolumns of large polyhedral cells. The zona reticuiaris ( innermost zone ) arranged as an irregularnetwork of anastomosing cords of cells surrounded by sinusoids.The Adrenal medulla iscomposed of large, polyhedral cells arranged in cords or groups and supported by a reticular fibernetwork. A profuse supply of sinusoidal capillaries intervenes between adjacent cords.

scholarly journals Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and the Adrenal Gland: From Toxicity to Endocrine Disruption

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Ekaterina P. Timokhina ◽  
Valentin V. Yaglov ◽  
Svetlana V. Nazimova
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Toxic Exposure ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Low Levels

Endocrine disruptors are exogenous compounds that pollute the environment and have effects similar to hormones when inside the body. One of the most widespread endocrine disruptors in the wild is the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Toxic doses of DDT are known to cause cell atrophy and degeneration in the adrenal zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Daily exposure in a developing organism to supposedly non-toxic doses of DDT have been found to impair the morphogenesis of both the cortex and the medulla of the adrenal glands, as well as disturbing the secretion of hormones in cortical and chromaffin cells. Comparison of high and very low levels of DDT exposure revealed drastic differences in the morphological and functional changes in the adrenal cortex. Moreover, the three adrenocortical zones have different levels of sensitivity to the disruptive actions of DDT. The zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis demonstrate sensitivity to both high and very low levels of DDT in prenatal and postnatal periods. In contrast, the zona fasciculata is less damaged by low (supposedly non-toxic) exposure to DDT and its metabolites but is affected by toxic levels of exposure; thus, DDT exerts both toxic and disruptive effects on the adrenal glands, and sensitivity to these two types of action varies in adrenocortical zones. Disruptive low-dose exposure leads to more severe affection of the adrenal function.

Reproductive and Androgenic Disorders

2014 ◽  
pp. 476-481
Author(s):  
Maria A. Yialamas
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Vascular Volume ◽  
Sexual Characteristics

The adrenal gland consists of the cortex and medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes three classes of steroid hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. The outer zona glomerulosa secretes the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, which performs a key role in the maintenance of blood pressure, vascular volume, and potassium homeostasis. The central zona fasciculata produces cortisol, which is crucial in the stress response and controls intermediary metabolism and immune functions. The inner layer, the zona reticularis, produces androgens, which serve as precursors of testosterone and androstenedione; they play a role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females.

scholarly journals Effects of Estrogen and Exercise Stress on Adrenal Glands of Male Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (06) ◽  
pp. 5449-5457
Author(s):  
Can Ismail ◽  
Aksak Karamese Selina ◽  
Findik Guvendi Gulname ◽  
Can Serpil ◽  
Kocaaslan Ramazan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Short Time

Consciously done exercises are beneficial for human health. However, unconscious and wrong practices (medication use, etc…) can cause various injuries and permanent damage to the human body. For reasons such as increasing muscle mass and/or to getting more performance, taking steroid hormones disrupts overall body hormone balance. Effects of exercise on oxygen and energy metabolism and estrogen as an exogenous steroid have significant effects on the adrenal gland. The aim of this study was to see the effects of 17b-estradiol on surrenal glands of rats that is put through regular physical exercises. 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats between the weights 220-250 gr, were put into thermal-controlled room with day-night cycles to stimulate an optimal day for the subjects. The experiment was modeled by dividing 36 animals into 6 groups in total according to the control, exercising and estrogen administration criteria. Experimental group animals received daily doses of 10 μg/kg/day 17-β-estradiol during 30 days. Also exercises group animals ran at 20 m/min on a 15% grade for 90 minutes and rest 34 minutes. Then, TUNNEL and Hematoxylen & Eosin staining were performed to measure the damage on the adrenal glands. In group 2, dense presence of degenerative fibroblasts and inflammatuary cells infiltration in zona fasciculata were significantly different. In group 3, the degenerative areas were significant in all adrenal cortex zones. In group 4, necrotic areas were determined in zona reticularis. In group 5, zona fasciculata was severely degenerated. With group 6, Sinusoidal features were completely lost in zona reticularis. The results strongly show that exercise may affect the zona glomerulase in short time period. As a result, exposure to exercise and exercise stress with external administration of estradiol may cause cellular degeneration especially zona fasciculata and zona reticularis in the adrenal gland.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of microstructure of the suprarenal glands of rabbits with different types of autonomic tone

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-421
Author(s):  
M. V. Zakrevska ◽  
A. M. Tybinka
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Autonomic Tone ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Suprarenal Glands ◽  
Structural Parts

The article investigates the structure of the suprarenal (adrenal) glands of male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), in which, on the basis of electrocardiographic and variational-pulsometric studies, different types of autonomic tone were observed. This allowed the animals to be divided into three groups: 1) sympathicotonic rabbits; 2) normotonic rabbits; 3) parasympathicotonic rabbits. The animals of the first two groups were characterized by almost the same body weight, while weight of the rabbits of the third group was slightly higher. After euthanasia, the suprarenal glands were extracted for histological and histochemical analyses. Morphometric study of histopreparations revealed that in the normotonic rabbits the thickness of the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the suprarenal glands were of average sizes, and the area of the medulla was the smallest. The parasympathicotonic rabbits had the thickest zona glomerulosa and greatest area of the medulla, but the thinnest zona fasciculata. The sympathicotonic rabbits were observed to have the greatest thickness of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal glands, the area of the medulla was of average values, and the thickness of the zona glumerulosa was of minimum value. The type of autonomic tone also manifests in the saturation of each of the zones with cells. The normotonic rabbits were observed to have the highest number of cells per area of 1,000 µm² in the zona fasciculata and the medulla, sympathicotonic rabbits – in the zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis, and in parasympathicotonic rabbits this parameter had average or lowest values in all the zones. The sizes of cells and their structural parts were characterized on the basis of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. In the zona fasciculata and medulla this parameter was highest among parasympathicotonic rabbits, and lowest in sympathicotonic rabbits. In the zona glomerulosa, almost equal values were observed in the normotonic and parasympathicotonic rabbits, while being reliably lower in sympathicotonic rabbits. By the value of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in the zona reticularis, the normotonic rabbits dominated, followed by the sympathicotonic animals, and the parasympathicotonic rabbits had the lowest parameters.

scholarly journals Histological characteristics of accessory adrenal glands of rabbits with different types of autonomous tonus

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (93) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Zakrevska ◽  
A. M. Tybinka
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Glomerulosa Cells ◽  
Morphological Research ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa Cells ◽  
Historical Indicators

For the purposes of the adrenal gland’s study, 27 four months old male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of Termond White breed were selected. Based on electrocardiography and variation pulsometry results, three types of autonomous tonus were determined in animals: sympathicotonia (ST), normotonia (NT) and parasympathicotonia (PS), which formed the basis for the division of animals into three groups. All rabbits were subjected to euthanasia and histological preparations were made from their adrenal glands. Apart from the main adrenal gland, accessory adrenal gland was detected in five purposes animals, including three ST rabbits, one NT rabbit and one PS rabbit. Also, four accessory adrenal glands were revealed in one ST rabbit simultaneously. In fact, these accessory adrenal glands became the main object of the further morphological research. The obtained historical indicators accessory adrenal glands were compared to the ones from various animal groups (CT with NT and CT with PS), as well as to the indicators of the main adrenal gland in each group. Statistical analysis of the received data was performed only in the group of ST animals. Accessory adrenal gland of ST rabbits is represented by two zones: zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata, the area of which is 52% and 48% respectively. In PS and NT rabbits, the glands are formed by zona glomerulosa only. Investigating the accessory adrenal gland’s cellular component, it was found that NT rabbits have the largest cell area in zona glomerulosa, while PS rabbits have the smallest one. At the same time, the area of nucleus has the largest values in ST animals and the smallest ones in PS animals likewise. Сomparing zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata in ST rabbits, it was found that cell size differs significantly, while the area of nucleus is almost identical. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in zona glomerulosa cells is the largest for PS rabbits. The smallest ratio values were detected among the NT rabbits. Obviously, ST rabbits occupy an intermediate position. Unlike the main adrenal gland, the cells of accessory adrenal gland are of a smaller size and а denser location of cells in all groups of animals. The conducted studies allow concluding that the typological features of the autonomous tonus affect the morphology of accessory adrenal gland.

scholarly journals Histomorphometric Study of the Proportion of Different Zones of Adrenal Cortex – A Postmortem Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Dilruba Siddiqua ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Fatema Johora ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Sunjida Shahriah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Zona Reticularis ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Percentage Volume ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Background: The human adrenal cortex shows a distinct proportion of three zones, named zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate & zona reticularis, from outer inwards, in its histological appearance with differences in its cellular components and functions. Objective: The aim of the present study was to see the variation in the proportion of zones of the adrenal cortex in different age-group in a Bangladeshi population. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2008 to June 2009, based on collection of 140 post mortem human adrenal glands from 70 unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into four age-groups including A (11-20 years), B (21-30 years), C (31-40 years) & D (41-60 years). Histological slides were prepared by using routine haematoxylin and eosin stain (H & E). Five best prepared slides from each group were examined under light compound microscope with low magnification. The thickness of different layers adrenal cortex were measured by using ocular and stage micrometer and then converted into percentage volume. Results: The mean volume of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the right adrenal cortex were found 14.16±0.79%, 78.40±1.14%, 7.44±0.52% in group A; 14.58±0.38%, 78.00±0.71%, 7.42±0.38% in group B; 14.34±0.83%, 78.56±0.52%, 7.30±0.50% in group C; 14.08±1.23%, 78.80±1.10%, 7.10±0.22% in group D respectively. The mean volume of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the left adrenal cortex were found 14.66±0.34%, 78.84±0.82%, 7.72±0.48% in group A; 14.62±0.30%, 78.54±0.84%, 7.58±0.43% in group B; 14.90±0.96%, 79.20±0.45%, 7.34±0.42% in group C; 14.70±1.25%, 79.40±0.55%, 7.30±0.35% in group D respectively. Conclusion: No difference was found statistically significant in the percentage volume of the three zones of the adrenal cortex with advancing age in Bangladeshi people. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v9i2.22803 Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2014, December; 9(2): 89-93

Growth analysis of the mouse adrenal gland from weaning to adulthood: time- and gender-dependent alterations of cell size and number in the cortical compartment

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. E139-E146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Bielohuby ◽  
Nadja Herbach ◽  
Rüdiger Wanke ◽  
Christiane Maser-Gluth ◽  
Felix Beuschlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Function

The adrenal gland is of critical importance for a plethora of biological processes. We performed the first systematic analysis of adrenal gland growth using unbiased stereological methods in male and female mice from weaning to adulthood ( weeks 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) at the organ, compartment, and cellular levels. Adrenal weights increased from week 3 to week 7 in male and female mice, remained at this level in females, but decreased by 25% between week 7 and week 9 in males. Female adrenal glands displayed a higher weight at any stage investigated. The volume of the zona fasciculata was consistently higher in female vs. male mice. In both genders, the number of zona fasciculata cells reached a maximum at the age of 7 wk and decreased significantly until week 9. Serum corticosterone concentrations decreased from 3 to 11 wk of age both in male and female mice. However, the estimated total amounts of corticosterone in the circulation were similar in 3- and 11-wk-old mice. Furthermore, total circulating corticosterone was higher in females than in males at an age of 5 and 11 wk. In the zona glomerulosa and in the X-zone, time- and gender-dependent growth effects were observed. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that growth and function of the adrenal glands are markedly influenced by gender and age. These factors require careful consideration in studies aiming at the functional dissection of genetic and environmental factors affecting adrenal growth and function.

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