scholarly journals Biological Deacidification Strategies for White Wines

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gardoni ◽  
S. Benito ◽  
S. Scansani ◽  
S. Brezina ◽  
S. Fritsch ◽  
...  

Traditionally, the use of malolactic fermentation gives rise to microbiologically stable wines. However, malolactic fermentation is not free from possible collateral effects that can take place under specific scenarios. The present work tests the influence of different biological deacidification strategies on the volatile and non-volatile components of white must from Germany. The study compared mixed cultures of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe and a pure culture of Sc. pombe to the classical biological deacidification process performed by lactic acid bacteria. Strains of Oenococcus oeni and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum were co- or sequentially inoculated with S. cerevisiae to carry out malolactic fermentation. Different fermentation treatments took place at a laboratory scale of 0.6 L in vessels of 0.75 L. The instrumental techniques Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to evaluate different chemical parameters in the final wines. The results showed the ability of Sc. pombe to consume malic acid in combination with L. thermotolerans without using S. cerevisiae or lactic acid bacteria. Fermentations involving Sc. pombe consumed all the malic acid, although they reduced the concentrations of higher alcohols, fatty acids and acetic acid. Simultaneous alcoholic and malolactic fermentations reduced malic acid by about 80%, while classical malolactic fermentation reduced it by 100%. Fermentations involving L. thermotolerans produced the highest lactic acid, ester and glycerol concentrations.

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8954-8957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezekiel T. Neeley ◽  
Trevor G. Phister ◽  
David A. Mills

ABSTRACT Oenococcus oeni is often employed to perform the malolactic fermentation in wine production, while nonoenococcal lactic acid bacteria often contribute to wine spoilage. Two real-time PCR assays were developed to enumerate the total, and nonoenococcal, lactic acid bacterial populations in wine. Used together, these assays can assess the spoilage risk of juice or wine from lactic acid bacteria.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Moncalvo A. ◽  
Dordoni R. ◽  
Silva A. ◽  
Fumi M.D. ◽  
Di Piazza S. ◽  
...  

Background: Ochratoxin A is a nephrotoxin which may occur in wines characterised by higher pH than the average. In the last decades the mechanisms responsible for ochratoxin A reduction by lactic acid bacteria have been investigated and identified as mainly cell walls adsorption and / or enzymatic conversion to ochratoxin-α, a non-toxic metabolite. Since lactic acid bacteria are involved in the malolactic fermentation during the wine-making process, selected starter cultures could be exploited to guarantee safe ochratoxin A level in wines also from contaminated grapes. A lactic acid bacteria strain (Lactobacillus plantarum V22) was previously selected for its ability of both degrading ochratoxin A and carrying out malolactic fermentation at high pH. Objective: This study was aimed at assessing if the selected L. plantarum strain, can reduce ochratoxin A because it can use it as a carbon source. Methods: L. plantarum V22 was grown in the presence of ochratoxin A in two different synthetic substrates, with or without malic acid, monitoring the reduction of ochratoxin A and the presence of ochratoxin α as an indicator for a toxin enzymatic hydrolysis. The presence of residual not hydrolysed ochratoxin A bound to the bacteria cell walls was also evaluated to quantify the ochratoxin A removal due to simple adsorption. Result: A significant reduction of 19.5 ± 2.0% in ochratoxin A concentration was observed only in the presence of malic acid. The quantified fraction of ochratoxin A adsorbed on cell walls was irrelevant and the metabolite ochratoxin α could not be detected. Conclusion: There is a possibility that L. plantarum V22 can degrade ochratoxin A through a not yet identified metabolic pathway.


Author(s):  
Mojmír Baroň

The issue of preventing the re-fermentation and protection against undesirable malolactic fermentation (MLF) in order to safe content of acids in wine is very complicated. In this paper the saturated higher fatty acids (HFA) – C8, C10 and C12, dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were tested. The re-fermentation test showed the strongest inhibition power at ratio 2:8, 1:9 and 0:10 as C8:C10 acids – 65 days without re-fermentation. MLF experiments confirmed that addition of SO2 into the fermenting media causes rapid inhibition of lactic acid bacteria metabolic activity. Malic acid concentrations were proportionally decreasing during 6 days of experiment and at the end the content of this acid varied between 0.16 and 0.22 g/L, the only exception formed a variant with the addition of SO2 (1.57 g/L of malic acid). After calculation of the average consumption rate of malic acid, the results showed the inhibition power – SO2 (81.05%) followed by variant of 40 mg/L mixture of HFA (40.76%), a variant of 200 mg/L of DMDC (31.98%) and a variant of 20 mg/L mixture of HFA (12.59%). The addition of HFA can significantly reduce the dosage of other preservatives, especially SO2. Based on results, this method can be recommend in the production of wines with residual sugar and also wines made from over-mature material to prevent undesirable MLF.


2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2345-2348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihito Endo ◽  
Sanae Okada

Six strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated in Japan from a composting distilled shochu residue. The six isolates grew poorly on MRS agar and slowly in MRS broth. The 16S rRNA gene sequences did not show high levels of similarity to those of the recognized species of lactic acid bacteria, and formed a subcluster within the cluster comprising obligately heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria closely related to Oenococcus oeni. The levels of DNA–DNA relatedness revealed that the isolates belonged to the same taxon and were genetically separate from O. oeni. Furthermore, various phenotypic characteristics such as the optimum pH for growth, malolactic fermentation and resistance to 10 % ethanol revealed that the isolates are distinguishable from O. oeni. On the basis of their phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, the isolates represent a novel species, for which the name Oenococcus kitaharae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NRIC 0645T (=JCM 13282T=DSM 17330T).


2019 ◽  
pp. 328-332
Author(s):  
Tatiana Tanashchuk ◽  
Maksim Shalamitskiy ◽  
Dmitrii Pogorelov

Из всех процессов, вызываемых молочнокислыми бактериями в винах, единственно полезным является яблочно-молочное брожение (ЯМБ), основной метаболической характеристикой которого является ферментное преобразование двухосновной L-яблочной кислоты в одноосновную L-молочную кислоту и углекислый газ, в результате чего кислотность вина понижается. В работе представлены результаты изучения способности 39 природных штаммов молочнокислых бактерий родов Leuconostoc и Lactobacillus к усвоению L-яблочной кислоты. При проведении работ использовали методы и подходы, общепринятые в микробиологии виноделия. Способность штаммов молочнокислых бактерий проводить процесс яблочно-молочного брожения тестировали по затратам L-яблочной кислоты на поддержание жизни клеток, не размножающихся делением. Расчет потребления L-яблочной кислоты осуществляли по данным изменения титруемой кислотности среды в процессе культивирования штаммов, предварительно проведя математическую обработку массива расчетных характеристик бинарных систем, построенных на основе варьирования различных соотношений яблочной и молочной кислот. Отбор перспективных штаммов молочнокислых бактерий для ЯМБ проводили по результатам двухступенчатого скрининга. На первом этапе штаммы оценивали по ростовой активности, на втором этапе - по активности усваивать L-яблочную кислоту. Отмечено, что штаммы молочнокислых бактерий рода Leuconostoc характеризовались более продолжительным временем роста, чем штаммы рода Lactobacillus . Изучение динамики роста 88 природных штаммов молочнокислых бактерий позволило отобрать 39 штаммов с высокой ростовой активностью, у которых накопление клеточной биомассы через 24-48 ч культивирования, в зависимости от штамма, составило около 10 - 10клеток/см. При изучении потенциальной возможности 39 природных штаммов молочнокислых бактерий осуществлять процесс яблочно-молочного брожения установлено, что большинство штаммов обладали достаточно высокой активностью к потреблению L-яблочной кислоты. Данное свойство отмечено у 94% исследованных молочнокислых бактерий кокковой формы, что подтверждает их характеристику как типичных агентов яблочно-молочного брожения в практике виноделия. Среди молочнокислых бактерий рода Lactobacillus с такой характеристикой отмечены только 50 % штаммов, однако перспектива их использования в качестве активных кислотопонижателей также высока.Malolactic fermentation (MLF) is the only useful process of all caused in wine by lactic acid bacteria. Enzymatic transformation of dibasic L-malic acid into monobasic L-lactic acid and carbon dioxide enters as the key metabolic characteristic of MLF, which leads to deacidification of wine. Capability of 39 native lactic acid strains of the genera Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus to assimilate L-malic acid was studied using conventional methods and approaches of microbiology of wine. The capability of the study strains to conduct MLF was tested by L-malic acid utilization for maintaining viability of non-fissiparous cells. L-malic acid utilization was calculated by changes in titratable acidity of medium during cultivation of the study strains. This was preceded by a mathematical treatment of a set of estimated characteristics of binary systems established based on the variation of malic to lactic acid ratios. Lactic acid strains promising for MLF were selected following a two-step screening during which the growth of the study strains and their activity with refer to L-malic acid assimilation were evaluated. The time-course of growth was longer in lactic acid strains of Leuconostoc than in those of Lactobacillus . The growth dynamics of a total of 88 native lactic acid strains was assessed, and 39 strains with a high growth efficiency were selected. Strain-dependant cell biomass accumulation of these strains was around 10-10 cells/cm after 24-48 h of cultivation. A sufficiently high activity with refer to L-malic acid assimilation was found in the majority of the 39 native lactic acid strains tested for potential capability to conduct malolactic fermentation. This feature was observed in 94 % of the studied coccal form of lactic acid bacteria, which proves that they are typical agents of malo-lactic fermentation for winemaking, and in not more than 50% of the study lactic acid bacteria of Lactobacillus . Nevertheless, the prospects for their use as active deacidifiers are also high.


Fermentation ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Du Plessis ◽  
Maret Du Toit ◽  
Hélène Nieuwoudt ◽  
Marieta Van der Rijst ◽  
Justin Hoff ◽  
...  

Hanseniaspora uvarum is one of the predominant non-Saccharomyces yeast species found on grapes and in juice, but its effect on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth and wine flavor has not been extensively studied. Therefore, the interaction between H. uvarum, two Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains, two LAB species (Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni) in combination with two malolactic fermentation (MLF) strategies was investigated in Shiraz wine production trials. The evolution of the different microorganisms was monitored, non-volatile and volatile compounds were measured, and the wines were subjected to sensory evaluation. Wines produced with H. uvarum in combination with S. cerevisiae completed MLF in a shorter period than wines produced with only S. cerevisiae. Sequential MLF wines scored higher for fresh vegetative and spicy aroma than wines where MLF was induced as a simultaneous inoculation. Wines produced with H. uvarum had more body than wines produced with only S. cerevisiae. The induction of MLF using L. plantarum also resulted in wines with higher scores for body. H. uvarum can be used to reduce the duration of MLF, enhance fresh vegetative aroma and improve the body of a wine.


Author(s):  
Nair Temis Olguin ◽  
Lucrecia Delfederico ◽  
Liliana Semorile

Some phenolic acids can either inhibit or stimulate the growth of Oenococcus oeni and other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in wine. It has been observed that some LAB metabolism could have an influence on wine colour. In this article, some of the relationships between LAB, malolactic fermentation (MLF) and phenolic compounds are summarised; these relationships are important for the selection of LAB to make starter cultures and are of interest for wineries in terms of its effect on wine colour.


2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1657-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Mira de Orduña ◽  
Mark L. Patchett ◽  
Shao-Quan Liu ◽  
Gordon J. Pilone

ABSTRACT During malolactic fermentation (MLF) in grape must and wine, heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria may degrade arginine, leading to the formation of ammonia and citrulline, among other substances. This is of concern because ammonia increases the pH and thus the risk of growth by spoilage bacteria, and citrulline is a precursor to the formation of carcinogenic ethyl carbamate (EC). Arginine metabolism and growth of Lactobacillus buchneri CUC-3 andOenococcus oeni strains MCW and Lo111 in wine were investigated. In contrast to L. buchneri CUC-3, both oenococci required a higher minimum pH for arginine degradation, and arginine utilization was delayed relative to the degradation of malic acid, the main aim of MLF. This allows the control of pH increase and citrulline formation from arginine metabolism by carrying out MLF with pure oenococcal cultures and inhibiting cell metabolism after malic acid depletion. MLF by arginine-degrading lactobacilli should be discouraged because arginine degradation may lead to the enhanced formation of acids from sugar degradation. A linear relationship was found between arginine degradation and citrulline excretion rates. From this data, strain-specific arginine-to-citrulline conversion ratios were calculated that ranged between 2.2 and 3.9% (wt/wt), and these ratios can be used to estimate the contribution of citrulline to the EC precursor pool from a given amount of initial arginine. Increasing arginine concentrations led to higher rates of growth of L. buchneri CUC-3 but did not increase the growth yield of either oenococcus. These results suggest the use of non-arginine-degrading oenococci for inducing MLF.


Fermentation ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Răzvan Vasile Filimon ◽  
Claudiu-Ioan Bunea ◽  
Ancuța Nechita ◽  
Florin Dumitru Bora ◽  
Simona Isabela Dunca ◽  
...  

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) or biological decrease of wine acidity is defined as the enzymatic bioconversion of malic acid in lactic acid, a process performed by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The procedures for the isolation of new indigenous LAB strains from the red wines produced in Copou Iasi wine center (NE of Romania) undergoing spontaneous malolactic fermentation, resulted in the obtaining of 67 catalase-negative and Gram-positive LAB strains. After testing in the malolactic fermentative process, application of specific screening procedures and identification (API 50 CH), two bacterial strains belonging to the species Oenococcus oeni (strain 13-7) and Lactobacillus plantarum (strain R1-1) with high yield of malolactic bioconversion, non-producing biogenic amines, and with active extracellular enzymes related to wine aroma, were retained and characterized. Tested in synthetic medium (MRS-TJ) for 10 days, the new isolated LAB strains metabolized over 98% of the malic acid at ethanol concentrations between 10 and 14 % (v/v), low pH (>3.0), total SO2 doses up to 70 mg/L and temperatures between 15 and 35 °C, showing high potential for future use in the winemaking process as bacterial starter cultures, in order to obtain high quality wines with increased typicity.


OENO One ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Evangelos H. Soufleros ◽  
N. Konstantinidis ◽  
Elefteria Tsitsanopoulou ◽  
G. Gerakiannakis

<p style="text-align: justify;">The red wine« Appellation d'Origine Naoussa de qualité supérieure » stemming from the « Xynomavro » vine cultivated in this wine-growing region of western Macedonia (Greece) needs the advantages coming of malolatic fermentation. This wine, in spite of its incontestable qualities has a strong astringent and a high level of acidity, the malic acid contributing essentially to these two characters.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Because of the interest malolactic fermentation presents for this region, we have collaborated with the wine-producters to insure, at first, the generally admitted conditions which favour the evolution of malolactic fermentation, then to study it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The latter includes : a) the control of the conversion of malic acid into lactic acid by chromatography paper and b) the enumeration, isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">During this two-year-long research, 187 samples have been taken from 50 different tanks during 12 samplings. The isolation of lactic acid bacteria was done by plating dilutions of wine samples and their identification with the API system and other physico-chemical and enzymatic methods.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Data processing has been done by computer and given a strain group distribution according to their similarity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The results show that the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria - mainly <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> - are more numerous than the heterofermentative ones before the malolactic fermentation. They decrease during the fermentative process and disappear with its completion.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The heterofermentative lactic aeid baeteria, whose main specie is <em>Leuconostoc oenos</em> evolves inversely.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A low increase of <em>Pediococcus</em> has been observed too after the beginning of malolactic fermentation. A statistical analysis confirms the main points of this research.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The application of malolactic fermentation becomes more efficient the second year; it is favoured in press-wines and for temperatures kept at 20-25°C; the bacteria population is also increased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The persued reduction of total acidity in wines, which underwent malolactic fermentation, was considerable.</p>


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