Processes of Nutrition, Metabolism, Biosynthesis of Milk Components and Vitality of Cows With High and Low-Fat Milk

The trials were performed on 20 multiparous cows of Holstein breed (39.7 ± 0.75 kg of milk) at the end of the first phase of lactation this different milk fat (4.1-2.8%). The aim of the research was to study the characteristics of nutrition, metabolism and biosynthesis of milk components in highly productive dairy cows with normal and low milk fat levels and the timing of their productive use. Study the characteristics of fermentation of scar formation substrates and their use in energy metabolism and biosynthesis of the milk components. Found that low fat milk is not associated with a lack of formation of acetate in the rumen (6.1 vs. 6.6 mmol/dl in the contents of the rumen, р>0.05) and the non change in the hormonal profile, but depends on the reduction of fatty acids synthesis de novo in mammary gland, regulated by conjugated higher fatty acids. The result is a reduction in the need of cows in the exchange energy (reduction of heat transfer by 6.2 MJ), a shorter service period (109.5 vs.139 days) and the prolongation of their productive use (the number of lactations correlated back with the level of fat in milk (r=-0.68, p<0.05, n=1300).

Development of polymer emulsions stabilized with anionic polyelectrolytes

The colloidal-chemical principles of the formation of reversibly reversible microemulsions based on compositions of anionic polysaccharides, higher fatty acids, and nonionic polyoxyethylated surfactants have been investigated. The structural formula of the interpolymer complex in the “polyelectrolyte - surfactant” system was proposed, and the molar ratios of the components were determined. The effectiveness of the developed polymer emulsions as drilling fluids for the construction of oil wells is shown.

Laboratory Performance Evaluation on the Recovering of Aged Bitumen With Vegetable Oil Rejuvenator

Generally, the conventional rejuvenator contains many mineral oils to supply the missing components of aged bitumen. The mineral oils could recover the performance of aged bitumen go through a long-term aging process. However, the mineral oils are easy to volatilize at higher recycling temperature. The higher volatilization will reduce the effect of rejuvenator and limit proportion of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in recycled asphalt mixture (RAP contents less than 30%). The main components of vegetable oil are straight chain higher fatty acids and glycerides. The esters of straight chain higher fatty acids and glycerol are not volatile at high temperature. Therefore, they can be used to recover the micro chemical composition of bitumen and a change in colloidal stability of asphaltene. In this research, two newly kinds of bitumen rejuvenator were developed by replacing mineral oil with waste cooking corn and soybean oil. The two kinds of vegetable and a mineral bitumen rejuvenators were utilized to recover aged bitumen with 2–10% by weigh. The objectives of the research are evaluating the rheological properties, high temperature and fatigue performance of the recovered bitumen. The Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test and Rotational Viscosity Test were conducted according to the AASHTO and ASTM standards. Additionally, the crack resistance of bitumen was evaluated by using the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test at −12 and −18°C. The result of laboratory test and statistical analysis of ANOVA showed that the vegetable oil rejuvenators effectively reduce the viscosity and stiffness of aged bitumen. It will improve both the fatigue resistance and low temperature crack resistance. In addition, when the content of vegetable oil is higher, the rejuvenating agent can make the recovered bitumen have lower viscosity and stiffness. Considering that the rutting resistance under high temperature, it is suggested that 6 and 8% vegetable oil be used to recover the aged bitumen.

The Impact on Emissions When an Engine Is Run on Fuel with a High Heavy Alcohol Content

This research reviews the impact on emissions from the engine fueled with the fuel containing a large share of bio-components, in particular with 30% n-Butanol. The research was carried out using a diesel engine. It has been shown that it is possible to achieve a double positive ecological effect concerning CO2 emissions. There was a decrease in CO2 emission from the engine with the fuel contained a significant share of bio-carbon. At the same time, NOx and Filter Smoke Number (FSN) emissions have been reduced together (FSN in large percentage). Usually, if NOx emissions are reduced, FSN increases, and vice versa. The paper shows also that the use of n-Butanol (bio, but nonfood) in the future is more effective than larger amounts of higher fatty acids methyl esters, although the full withdrawal of these esters seems unjustified.

Oilseed Rape (Brassica Napus L.) Nutrition by Nitrogen and Phosphorus and its Effect on Yield of Seed, Oil and Higher Fatty Acids Content

The effect of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) application on yield, oil and fatty acids content (especially oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) in rapeseed was investigated in the field experiment. Also effect of weather conditions was evaluated. The polyfactorial trial was realized in experimental years 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 in terms of agricultural cooperative in Mojmírovce. The experiment was based on three variants of fertilization treatments by the block method in three replications. The size of each block was created by plots with size 600 m2. The first level of treatment 10 was non-fertilized control. The second level of treatment 2U was fertilized by nitrogen in dose 240 kg.ha-1. The third level of treatment 3P was fertilized by the same dose of nitrogen 240 kg.ha-1 and by phosphorus in dose 88 kg.ha-1. The highest average yield 3.9 t.ha-1 was achieved at treatment 3P, where phosphorus was applied. It means statistically significant yield increase by 30% compared to treatment 2U, where no phosphorus was not applied. There was statistically non-significant difference in oil content, in the range of treatments. The content of oleic acid fluctuated from 63.3% to 65.9% and the highest was reached at unfertilized control treatments in both experimental years. The linoleic acid content ranged from 20.3% to 21.2% and content of linolenic acid varied between 6.9% and 8.9%. Application of nitrogen and nitrogen + phosphorus high statistically significant decreased oleic acid content in both experimental years. Opposite effect was observed, where content of linoleic and linolenic acid was high statistically significant increased after nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilization. Effect of unequal weather conditions and treatments of nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus nutrition can influence the percentage ratio of higher fatty acids composition.

THE SIBERIAN LARCH GROUP COMPOSITION AND ACID NEEDLES AT DIFFERENT VEGETATION PERIODS

The research results of the Siberian larch needle extractives are presented in paper. The content of extractive substances from green and yellow needles extracted by organic solvents with different polarities is determined. It is found out that the double increase of the yellow needle extractive substances content soluble in hydrocarbon extractant is observed, whereas it is decreased by 30 per cent when extracted with propan-2-ol. The group composition of needle extracts derived from isopropanol extract by petroleum ether is determined. The neutral substances content in both needle collections is practically the same, although the yellow needles contain less acid “bound” in the form of esters. There is a high content of waxes in the needles, which mainly consist of secondary nonacosanol-10 alcohol. The composition of free and “bound” acids in Siberian larch needles of different vegetation periods is established. The needles are dominated by groups of higher unsaturated C-18 fatty acids. Resin acids are represented by isopimaric acid (isopimaric and sandaracopimaric) and abietic acids: abietic, dehydroabietic and levopiric acids. In yellow needles, the content of dehydroabietic acid is increased quadrupled and the hydroxy acids are identified: 15-hydroxyabietic acid and 15-hydroxyhydroabietic acid. The tri- and tetraenic C-20 acids are identified among higher fatty acids.