Determining The Effect of Different Tillage Methods on Soil Penetration Resistance During Wheat Growing Season

Modern agriculture techniques have a great impact on crops and soil quality, especially by the increased machinery traffic and weight. Several devices have been developed for determining soil properties in the field, aimed at managing compacted areas. Penetrometry is a widely used technique; however, there are several types of penetrometers, which have different action modes that can affect the soil resistance measurement. The objective of this study was to compare the functionality of two penetrometry methods (manual and automated mode) in the field identification of compacted, highly mechanized sugarcane areas, considering the influence of soil water volumetric content (θ) on soil penetration resistance (PR). Three sugarcane fields on a Rhodic Eutrudrox were chosen, under a sequence of harvest systems: one manual harvest (1ManH), one mechanized harvest (1MH) and three mechanized harvests (3MH). The different degrees of mechanization were associated to cumulative compaction processes. An electronic penetrometer was used on PR measurements, so that the rod was introduced into the soil by hand (Manual) and by an electromechanical motor (Auto). The θ was measured in the field with a soil moisture sensor. Results showed an effect of θ on PR measurements and that regression models must be used to correct data before comparing harvesting systems. The rod introduction modes resulted in different mean PR values, where the "Manual" overestimated PR compared to the "Auto" mode at low θ.

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Soil management effect on soil penetration resistance in the vineyard

Journal of Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.4081/jae.2013.310 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (2s) ◽

Author(s):

Pietro Catania ◽

Mariangela Vallone ◽

Felice Pipitone ◽

Gioacchino Francesco Argento ◽

Giuseppe Spartà ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Water Storage ◽

Arid Environments ◽

Water Storage Capacity ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Key Factor ◽

Soil Water Storage Capacity ◽

The University ◽

Steep Slopes ◽

Semi Arid

In environments characterized by steep slopes or arranged in terraces, among the shallow tillage systems, rototilling is extensively used. However, the effect of the repeated use of rototilling has a considerable influence on soil characteristics; it appears finely powdered, soft and without structure. In order to limit these inconveniences, an innovative self-propelled machine equipped with working tools as a spade, to be used in steep slopes or arranged in terraces areas, was designed by the Mechanics Section of the SAF (Scienze Agrarie e Forestali) Department of the University of Palermo in cooperation with Agrotec company, Padua, Italy. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of three machines for shallow tillage: a chisel plough (CP), a rototilling (RT) and a spading machine (SM) on penetration resistance in semi-arid environments of the Mediterranean basin. No tillage was also included. Penetration resistance (PR) was surveyed for all the treatments to a depth of 300 mm with an electronic dynamometer. The treatments consisted in the execution of a shallow tillage to a depth of 150 mm. SP treatment allowed us to obtain PR lower values throughout the tillage profile than RT, CP and NT. It follows that the type of machine used influences soil PR, and then the soil water storage capacity, key factor for the agricultural productions in semi-arid environments as in Sicily.

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Tahanan Penetrasi Tanah Terhadap Penekanan Plat Dengan Sudut Penekanan dan Ukuran Plat yang Berbeda di Sawah

Talenta Conference Series Agricultural and Natural Resources (ANR) ◽

10.32734/anr.v1i2.244 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 238-243

Author(s):

Taufik Rizaldi ◽

Sumono Sumono

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Rice Field ◽

Compressive Force ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Plate Size ◽

Measuring Plate

Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Lubuk Bayas Kecapamatan Perbaungan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai pada lahan sawah bertekstur lempung berpasir dengan kadar air 49.17% dan dry bulk density 1.26 g/cm3. Tahanan penetrasi tanah ditentukan melalui pengukuran tahanan penetrasi plat dengan menggunakan penetrometer secara langsung di sawah. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan ukuran plat 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 dan 5x20 cm2. Sudut penekanan 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o dan kedalaman penekanan 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm dan 20 cm. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh bahwa semakin besar ukuran plat maka gaya penekanan semakin besar namun tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin kecil. Sedangkan semakin dalam plat masuk ke tanah maka tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Semakin besar sudut penekanan tahanan penetrasi tanah semakin besar. Untuk ukuran plat, sudut tekan dan kedalaman penekanan plat yang sama pada kedalaman lumpur yang berbeda akan menghasilkan gaya penekanan dan tahanan penetrasi tanah yang berbeda. The study was conducted in Lubuk Bayas Village, Perbaungan Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai District, in paddy fields with sandy clay texture with a water content of 49.17% and dry bulk density of 1.26 g / cm3. Soil penetration resistance iwas determined by measuring plate penetration resistance using a penetrometer directly in the rice field. Measurements were made with a plate size of 5x5 cm2, 5x10 cm2, 5x15 cm2 and 5x20 cm2. The angle of emphasis was 90o, 75o, 60o, 45o, 30o and the depth of emphasis was 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, 16 cm and 20 cm. Results showed that the larger the plate size found, the greater the compressive force, but the penetration resistance of the soil got smaller. Whereas the deeper the plate entered the ground, the greater the penetration resistance of the soil occurred. The greater the angle of suppression the greater the penetration penetration of the soil. For the plate size, the pressure angle and depth of the same plate compression at different mud depths will result in a different force of suppression and soil penetration resistance.

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ГИС-ПОДХОД ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ВЛИЯНИЯ ОБЫЧНЫХ И СДВОЕННЫХ КОЛЕС НА ТВЕРДОСТЬ ПОЧВЫ

Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University ◽

10.15421/2015029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (03) ◽

pp. 73-100

Author(s):

A. V. Zhukov

Keyword(s):

Penetration Resistance ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Gis Technology ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Surface Character ◽

Top Soil ◽

Negative Effect

GIS-APPROACH application has allowed establishing that usual wheels of machine-tractor units carry out considerable influence on soil which exceeds visible borders of a track of wheels on the dimensions. This influence shows in augmentation of soil penetration resistance at 100-155 % in comparison with the control on depth of 0-10 cm and on 20-30 % on depth of 45-50 %. It is impossible to exclude that influence of wheels proceeds more deeply, than tests have been conducted. Critical for cultivated plants value of soil penetration resistance in 3 MPa under the influence of usual wheels of agricultural machinery comes nearer practically to a surface. Character of profile changes of hardness in various regions influences of wheels allows assuming the long season of a relaxation of soil for achievement of background values of soil penetration resistance. The further researches are necessary for an establishment of concrete indicators of dynamics. Negative influence of an overstocking does not confine only deterioration of conditions of growth of assemblages of rootlets of plants. Infringement of processes of moving of moisture in the soil, the accelerated evaporation and the slowed down processes of a filtration and an infiltration, destruction of modular frame, activization of erosive processes is possible. The understanding of these processes will give the chance volume understanding of real influence of running systems of machine-tractor devices on bedrock. Region intensive influence of dual wheels is circumscribed by the top soil layers (0-15 cm). The major feature of influence of dual wheels is absence of an overstocking above critical levels. It is impossible to exclude possible positive influence of moderate inspissations of soil under the influence of dual wheels for growth of agricultural crops and moisture conservation in soil. The cumulative negative effect on soil crossed vehicles traces is probable. The long season of a relaxation of soil after anthropogenic transformation can create a network of traces of vehicles in the field. In region crossings of traces negative effects considerably increase. Keywords: hardness of bedrock, GIS-TECHNOLOGY, technique influence

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Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss2011-026 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 957-964 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Halde ◽

A. M. Hammermeister ◽

N. L. Mclean ◽

K. T. Webb ◽

R. C. Martin

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Intensive Treatment ◽

Rotational Grazing ◽

Pasture Management ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Rest Periods ◽

Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

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Core aeration of sand-based putting greens in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s05-073 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 103-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Sorokovsky ◽

M. Krzic ◽

M D Novak

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Surface Area ◽

Management Practices ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Study Objective ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Lower Fraser Valley ◽

Fraser Valley

Core aeration, a management practice originally developed for soil-based putting greens, is still commonly used on sand-based greens. The study objective was to determine the effects of core aeration on soil properties of sand-based putting greens in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study treatments were regular management practices, including core aeration (CA) carried out in spring and late summer, and regular management practices, but no core aeration (NCA). Each core aeration event impacted 5% of the surface area. Treatments with and without core aeration had similar soil organic matter content, root weight density, and soil bulk density. The CA treatment was generally drier than NCA. Water infiltration was greater on CA than NCA, but only for 1 mo following core aeration. Core aeration generally reduced soil penetration resistance within the mat layer relative to treatment without this practice. On both treatments, soil penetration resistance consistently exceeded 4000 kPa below about 13 cm depth preventing deeper root growth. The limited benefits of the low-surface-area-impact core aeration on the maturing sand-based putting greens in a humid maritime climate suggest that this practice might not be worth doing (at a low surface area impact); however, additional, more detailed studies are needed to confirm this. Key words: Turf management, golf course management, soil penetration resistance, water infiltration

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Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n3p449-459/2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 449-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Wininton M. da Silva ◽

Aloísio Bianchini ◽

Cesar A. da Cunha

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Linear Models ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Good Representation ◽

Soil Resistance ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Resistance Value

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the behavior of models for adjusting data of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density. The study was carried out in Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Brazil in a typic dystrophic red-yellow Latosol (Oxisol) containing 0.366 kg kg−1 of clay. Soil penetration resistance measurements were conducted in the soil moistures of 0.33 kg kg−1, 0.28 kg kg−1, 0.25 kg kg−1 and 0.22 kg kg−1. Soil penetration resistance behavior due to variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density was assessed by estimating the soil resistance values by non-linear models. There was an increase of the soil penetration resistance values as soil was losing moisture. For the same edaphic condition studied, small differences in the data of soil bulk density affect differently the response of soil resistance as a function of moisture. Both soil bulk density and soil moisture are essential attributes to explain the variations in soil penetration resistance in the field. The good representation of the critical soil bulk density curve as a limiting compression indicator requires the proper choice of the restrictive soil resistance value for each crop.

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Using a penetrometer to predict the effects of soil compaction on the growth and yield of wheat on uniform, sandy soils

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9890497 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 497 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

CWL Henderson

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Sandy Soils ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Single Index ◽

Yield Variation ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Good Potential ◽

The Impact

The relationships between soil penetration resistance and the growth and yield of wheat were examined for a range of tillage and compaction experiments conducted on earthy sands near Geraldton, W.A. Overall, a single index of penetration resistance explained around 50% of the growth and yield variation, across sites and seasons. Equations using this index showed good potential for predicting the impact of various tillage and traffic practices on wheat yield.

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