Using a penetrometer to predict the effects of soil compaction on the growth and yield of wheat on uniform, sandy soils

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
CWL Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Single Index ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
The Impact

The relationships between soil penetration resistance and the growth and yield of wheat were examined for a range of tillage and compaction experiments conducted on earthy sands near Geraldton, W.A. Overall, a single index of penetration resistance explained around 50% of the growth and yield variation, across sites and seasons. Equations using this index showed good potential for predicting the impact of various tillage and traffic practices on wheat yield.

Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Halde ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
N. L. Mclean ◽  
K. T. Webb ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

scholarly journals Effect of irrigation machines on soil compaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S1-S8
Author(s):  
J. Jobbágy ◽  
P. Findura ◽  
F. Janík
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Technological Operation ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Shallow Soil ◽  
Average Resistance ◽  
The Impact

The analysis of soil compaction with chassis of a wide-span irrigation machine Valmont was determined. The sprinkler had 12 two-wheeled chassis (size of tyre 14.9'' × 24''). During the evaluation of soil compaction, we monitored the values of penetration resistance and soil moisture during the operation of the sprinkler. Considering the performance parameters of the pump, the sprinkler was only half of its length (300 m) in the technological operation. In this area, also field measurements were performed in 19 monitoring points spaced both in tracks and outside the chassis tracks. The analysis showed the impact of compression with sprinkler wheels. The correction of obtained results of penetration resistance was applied in connection with soil moisture (mass) values according to Act No. 220/2004 (Lhotský et al. 1985). The results of average resistance ranged from 1.2 to 3.26 MPa. The values of the max. resistance ranged from 2.3 to 5.35 MPa. The results indicated a shallow soil compaction; however, it is not devastating.

scholarly journals Characterization of the soil compaction based on the mapping of the apparent electrical conductivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Leonel Bottega ◽  
Eder Luís Sari ◽  
Zanandra Boff de Oliveira ◽  
Alberto Eduardo Knies
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Apparent Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Based on the measurement of soil penetration resistance (PR), it is possible to identify compacted soil layers, where root growth may be harmed, affecting crop development and yield. The objective of this work was to analyze the use of management zones (MZ), delimited on the basis of mapping of the spatial variability of the soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), in the differentiation of soil compaction levels. The work was carried out in a 25.8-ha no-tillage area, cultivated under a center pivot. The ECa was measured under two soil moisture conditions (13.7 and 16.45%), using the Terram® equipment. Soil penetration resistance (PR) was measured using the SoloStar PLG5500 penetrograph. Based on the spatial variability ECa mapping, management zones (2, 3, and 4 zones) were delimited. The mean PR values ??of each MZ were compared by the t-test of means. It was possible to differentiate mean values ??of penetration resistance (PR), which vary from 0.9 to 2.10 MPa, from the characterization of management classes generated on the basis of the ECa spatial variability. The highest stratification of PR values ??was obtained as a function of sampling directed at delimited management zones when the soil had lower moisture content (13.7%). The highest mean PR values ??were obtained for the split of the ECa map into at least three classes. It was identified that for the study area there is no need to perform any mechanical decompaction operation.

scholarly journals Soil Penetration Resistance after One-Time Inversion Tillage: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis at the Field Scale

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Michael Kuhwald ◽  
Wolfgang B. Hamer ◽  
Joachim Brunotte ◽  
Rainer Duttmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Time Inversion ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Conservation agriculture may lead to increased penetration resistance due to soil compaction. To loosen the topsoil and lower the compaction, one-time inversion tillage (OTIT) is a measure frequently used in conservation agriculture. However, the duration of the positive effects of this measure on penetration resistance is sparsely known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal behavior of penetration resistance after OTIT as an indicator for soil compaction. A field subdivided into three differently tilled plots (conventional tillage with moldboard plough to 30 cm depth (CT), reduced tillage with chisel plough to 25 cm depth (RT1) and reduced tillage with disk harrow to 10 cm depth (RT2)) served as study area. In 2014, the entire field was tilled by moldboard plough and penetration resistance was recorded in the following 5 years. The results showed that OTIT reduced the penetration resistance in both RT-plots and led to an approximation in all three plots. However, after 18 (RT2) and 30 months (RT1), the differences in penetration resistance were higher (p < 0.01) in both RT-plots compared to CT. Consequently, OTIT can effectively remove the compacted layer developed in conservation agriculture. However, the lasting effect seems to be relatively short.

Sensitivity of eight cereal and legume species to the compaction status of deep, sandy soils

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
CWL Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Severe Water Stress

The effects of soil compaction and deep ripping on the growth and yield of crop (wheat, barley, oats, triticale, narrow leaf lupins and field peas) and pasture species (barrel medic and subterranean clover) were investigated for deep, sandy soils near Geraldton, Western Australia. In 1984 (an average rainfall season), growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction. Lupins were not included in the experiment. Barley, wheat and pea yields were reduced by around 45%; oat and triticale yields by 30%; and spring biomass of both pasture species was reduced by about 30%. The differences in response between the species were not significant (P>0.05). In 1985 (a very dry year), amelioration of soil compaction by deep ripping increased the dry matter at flowering of all the species, including lupins, by about 30%. Severe water stress in the cereals after flowering prevented the conversion of this dry matter advantage into grain yield differences. Because of late flowering and slow maturation, the yield of the oats was significantly (P<0.05) lower on the deep-ripped areas, compared with the yield on the compacted soil. Deep ripping increased the yield of peas by 60% and lupins by 20%, probably because flowering and seed filling were completed before the onset of severe water stress. For deep, sandy soils in mediterranean environments, maximum economic benefit would normally accrue from deep ripping prior to the cereal phase, given that current agronomic principles generally preclude the growing of peas on these soils. Selection of cereal species mainly depends on relative yields and prices; however, the results suggest that use of cultivars with rapid early growth, early flowering and quick maturity would maximise the response to compaction amelioration and minimise the risk of poor grain filling.

scholarly journals Effects of Tractor Passes on Hydrological and Soil Erosion Processes in Tilled and Grassed Vineyards

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Capello ◽  
Marcella Biddoccu ◽  
Stefano Ferraris ◽  
Eugenio Cavallo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Nw Italy

Soil erosion is affected by rainfall temporal patterns and intensity variability. In vineyards, machine traffic is implemented with particular intensity from late spring to harvest, and it is responsible for soil compaction, which likely affects soil hydraulic properties, runoff, and soil erosion. Additionally, the hydraulic and physical properties of soil are highly influenced by vineyards’ inter-rows soil management. The effects on soil compaction and both hydrological and erosional processes of machine traffic were investigated on a sloping vineyard with different inter-row soil managements (tillage and permanent grass cover) in the Alto Monferrato area (Piedmont, NW Italy). During the investigation (November 2016–October 2018), soil water content, rainfall, runoff, and soil erosion were continuously monitored. Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil penetration resistance, and bulk density were recorded periodically in portions of inter-rows affected and not affected by the machine traffic. Very different yearly precipitation characterized the observed period, leading to higher bulk density and lower infiltration rates in the wetter year, especially in the tilled vineyard, whereas soil penetration resistance was generally higher in the grassed plot and in drier conditions. In the wet year, management with grass cover considerably reduced runoff (−76%) and soil loss (−83%) compared to tillage and in the dry season. Those results highlight the need to limit the tractor traffic, in order to reduce negative effects due to soil compaction, especially in tilled inter-rows.

The effects of soil water content and bulk density on the compactibility and soil penetration resistance of some Western Australian sandy soils

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Henderson ◽  
A Levett ◽  
D Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Compactive Effort

Quantitative models to predict the effects of soil compaction on wheat yields are being developed for the northern sandplains of Western Australia. An understanding of the relationships between soil water content (W), bulk density (p), compactibility and soil penetration resistance (P) is required. Thirteen subsoils from W.A. sandplain soils were tested for compactibility. As the amounts of very coarse sand or clay in the soil increased, the maximum density (�max.) achieved with a standard compactive effort also increased, while the critical soil water content (Wcrit,.) for maximum compactibility declined. The effects of p and W on P were investigated for five of the soils. The value of P was only slightly affected as W was reduced to less than 70% of the field capacity water content. As the soils were dried further, P increased exponentially. At all water contents, an increase in p was found to markedly increase P. Particle size distribution could be used to predict �max. and Wcrit., but could not be related to the effects of changes in p and W on P. The implications for the measurement and effects of soil compaction in the field are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Compaction and Bulk Density on the Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max) on Sandy Clay Loam Soil of the Semi-arid Region of Northern Nigeria as Influenced by Tractor Wheel Traffic

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Abdu Dauda ◽  
Bukar Usman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Semi Arid Region

Soil compaction from farm machinery is an environmental problem. The effect of compaction on plant growth and yield depends on the crop grown and the environmental conditions that crop encounters. The effect of compaction from tractor traffic on soybean (Glycine max), variety TGX1448-2E, on a sandy clay loam soil in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria was investigated for two growing seasons, 2015 and 2016. A randomized complete block design of the field of plots with treatments of 0,5,10, 15 and 20 passes of a tractor MF 390 was used. Each treatment was replicated three times. The soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content for each applied load were measured and the yield from each treatment was determined.  Agronomic treatments were kept the same for all plots in both 2015 and 2016. Results showed increased soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content with increased tractor passes. Highest grain yield was obtained at 5 tractor passes with a mean bulk density of 1.76 Mgm,-3 penetration resistance 1.70 MPa and moisture content 13.37% with a mean yield of 2568 kgha-1 and lowest was obtained from 20 tractor passes were 340 kgha-1. Statistical models were used to predict yield as a function of bulk density, penetration resistance,   moisture content, contact pressure, and a number of tractor traffic passes. Grain yield with respect to moisture content gave the best yield prediction (r2 = 0.94).           

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