scholarly journals Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wininton M. da Silva ◽  
Aloísio Bianchini ◽  
Cesar A. da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Resistance Value

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the behavior of models for adjusting data of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density. The study was carried out in Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Brazil in a typic dystrophic red-yellow Latosol (Oxisol) containing 0.366 kg kg−1 of clay. Soil penetration resistance measurements were conducted in the soil moistures of 0.33 kg kg−1, 0.28 kg kg−1, 0.25 kg kg−1 and 0.22 kg kg−1. Soil penetration resistance behavior due to variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density was assessed by estimating the soil resistance values by non-linear models. There was an increase of the soil penetration resistance values as soil was losing moisture. For the same edaphic condition studied, small differences in the data of soil bulk density affect differently the response of soil resistance as a function of moisture. Both soil bulk density and soil moisture are essential attributes to explain the variations in soil penetration resistance in the field. The good representation of the critical soil bulk density curve as a limiting compression indicator requires the proper choice of the restrictive soil resistance value for each crop.

scholarly journals Data Grouping Method for the Purpose of Forecasting the Mechanical Strength of Plastic Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 578
Author(s):  
Dariusz Błażejczak ◽  
Jan Jurga ◽  
Jarosław Pytka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Data Grouping

The aim of this work was to develop a method of data grouping (DGM) that enables the selection of regression equations for forecasting soil penetration resistance based on an easily available and small set of input data: soil moisture content, soil bulk density and the grain size distribution of the soil. Models for forecasting the penetration resistance were created by selecting regression equations for specific intervals of granulometric variability of soil fractions. A field measurements campaign was conducted and soil samples were taken from the subsoil on 43 profiles, at depths of 25–30, 35–40, 45–50 and 55–60 cm. It was found that the dry bulk density is much less useful for predicting the penetration resistance of plastic soils than soil moisture. The study also showed that it is possible to forecast the soil penetration resistance on the basis of the gravimetric moisture content and the soil specific surface.

Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Halde ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
N. L. Mclean ◽  
K. T. Webb ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

scholarly journals Penetration resistance according to penetration rate, cone base size and different soil conditions

Bragantia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dias Valadão Junior ◽  
Aloísio Biachini ◽  
Franciele Caroline Assis Valadão ◽  
Rodrigo Pengo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Base Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of penetration rate and the size of the cone base on the resistance to penetration under different soil moistures and soil bulk density. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x2x2x2 factorial arrangement, with the factors, soil bulk density of 1.0; 1.2; 1.4 and 1.6 Mg m-3, soil moisture at the evaluation of 0.16 and 0.22 kg kg-1, penetration rates of 0.166 and 30 mm s-1 and areas of the cone base of 10.98 and 129.28 mm² resulting in 32 treatments with 8 replicates. To ensure greater uniformity and similarity to field conditions, samples passed through cycles of wetting and drying. Only the interaction of the four factors was not significant. Resistance values varied with the density of the soil, regardless of moisture and penetration rate. Soil penetration resistance was influenced by the size of the cone base, with higher values for the smallest base independent of moisture and soil bulk density. The relationship between resistance to penetration and moisture is not always linear, once it is influenced by soil bulk density. Reduction in the area of the cone leads to an increase in the soil resistance to penetration.

The role of brush mats in mitigating machine-induced soil disturbances: an assessment using absolute and relative soil bulk density and penetration resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Labelle ◽  
Benjamin J. Poltorak ◽  
Dirk Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Post Impact ◽  
Mean Differences

Forest soils often exhibit low bearing capacities and as a result are often incapable of withstanding high axle loads. In New Brunswick, Canada, five different brush amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg·m–2) were applied as brush mats on machine operating trails during a cut-to-length harvesting operation in a softwood stand to analyze soil disturbance as a result of off-road forest harvesting machine traffic. Soil absolute and relative bulk density and soil penetration resistance measurements were completed below the varying brush mats both before and after forwarding. The mean differences between pre- and post-impact absolute soil dry bulk density values recorded on track areas were 0.24 g·cm–3 for 5–20 kg·m–2 of brush and 0.33 g·cm–3 for 0 kg·m–2 of brush. On average, 40.5%, 17.9%, 14.3%, 15.5%, and 3.6% of all post-forwarding measurements exceeded the threshold for growth-impeding soil bulk density (80% standard Proctor density) for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg·m–2 of brush, respectively. Soil penetration values >3.0 MPa represented 23.7%, 15.0%, 9.4%, 4.6%, and 0.7% of all post-forwarding test plots with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg·m–2 of brush, respectively. The results suggest that softwood brush mats of 10 to 20 kg·m–2 placed on machine operating trails play a considerable role in reducing forwarder-induced soil compaction and penetration resistance.

scholarly journals Critical soil bulk density for soybean growth in Oxisols

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Keisuke Sato ◽  
Herdjania Veras de Lima ◽  
Pedro Daniel de Oliveira ◽  
Sueli Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the critical soil bulk density from the soil penetration resistance measurements for soybean root growth in Brazilian Amazon Oxisols. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using disturbed soil samples collected from the northwest of Para characterized by different texture. The treatments consisted of a range of soil bulk densities for each soil textural class. Three pots were used for soybean growth of and two for the soil penetration resistance curve. From the fitted model, the critical soil bulk density was determined considering the penetration resistance values of 2 and 3 MPa. After sixty days, plants were cut and root length, dry mass of root, and dry mass of shoots were determined. At higher bulk densities, the increase in soil water content decreased the penetration resistance, allowing unrestricted growth of soybean roots. Regardless of soil texture, the penetration resistance of 2 and 3 MPa had a slight effect on root growth in soil moisture at field capacity and a reduction of 50% in the soybean root growth was achieved at critical soil bulk density of 1.82, 1.75, 1.51, and 1.45 Mg m-3 for the sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clayey, and very clayey soil.

scholarly journals Effect of Moldboard Plow Types on Soil Physical Properties Under Different Soil Moisture Content and Tractor Speed

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Aqeel J. Nassir
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Moldboard Plow

An experiment was conducted in fields of Agriculture college, University  of Basrah. The experiment was designed with split-spilt plots in Complete Randomized Blocks Design Treatments included three types of moldboard plows: helical,  semi digger and general –purpose, three soil moisture content levels (10.23,16.47 and 24.68%), and four tractor speed of 0.41, 0.56, 0.86 and 1.21 m sec -1  . The soil  physical properties were determined after plowing soil by using three types of moldboard plow. The results showed that there was significant effect of moldboard plow types, soil moisture content and tractor speed on soil physical properties including bulk density, soil porosity, soil penetration resistance and pulverization ratio. Results also indicated that the effect of interaction among plow types, soil moisture content and tractor speed was significantly on soil penetration resistance and pulverization ratios while it had not significantly effect on bulk density, soil porosity. In general, soil physical properties, had been improved when using high tractor speed and moderate soil moisture content whereas optimal operation was obtained when using general-purpose plow type and  high tractor speed of 1.12 m sec -1 and soil moisture content of 16.47% where this combination gives low bulk density (0.96Mg m-3), high soil porosity (63.90%) high soil pulverization ratio (74%) and low soil penetration resistance (623.47 kN m-2).

Adjustment of Sampling Grids for Soil Penetration Resistance, Bulk Density, and Soil Moisture Mapping

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Martins ◽  
Ailton Oliveira ◽  
Leticia Machado ◽  
Fernando Santos ◽  
Wagner Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

The effects of tillage systems and crop sequences on soil bulk density and penetration resistance on a clay soil in southern Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
G. P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Continuous Rotation ◽  
Heavy Clay

Concern has been expressed that reduced tillage systems may lead to excess soil compaction, negatively impacting on crop growth. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of tillage systems zero (ZT), minimum (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) and crop rotations on soil bulk density and penetration resistance after 4 yr on an Indian Head heavy clay soil, in southeastern Saskatchewan. Moisture content was similar among tillage systems, except for slight differences in the lower soil depths with crop rotation. Penetration resistance and bulk density of a heavy clay soil were increased in the surface 10 cm of the soil by ZT as compared to CT management. However, in the deeper soil zones, tillage system did not consistently influence either bulk density or penetration resistance. Inclusion of peas in the crop rotation had a moderating effect on bulk density and penetration resistance, while inclusion of flax in a continuous rotation increased bulk density and penetration resistance in the surface soil profile. At the 30- to 45-cm depth, ZT had a lower bulk density than CT or MT in the rotation which included fallow, possibly because the tillage operations associated with the cultivated fallow led to compaction in the deeper soil zone. Penetration resistance was great enough in the deeper soil zone in all tillage systems to restrict rooting, but difference due to tillage treatment or cropping rotation was not sufficient to markedly influence crop production. Key words: Penetration resistance, bulk density, crop rotation, tillage

scholarly journals Corn crop performance in an Ultisol compacted by tractor traffic

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽  
Renato Levien ◽  
Carlos Ricardo Trein ◽  
João de Andrade Bonetti ◽  
Henrique Debiasi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Corn Crop ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine whether compaction by tractor traffic in areas managed under controlled traffic can be limiting to corn crop, under different tillage systems, in a Typic Paleudult of medium texture. Two experiments were carried out, one in the field over two crop seasons and another in a greenhouse. The treatments consisted of minimum tillage with chiselling; no-tillage subjected to one, three, or six passes of a tractor weighing 3.8 Mg; and an area without traffic. Evaluations were performed for soil physico-hydraulic parameters (soil bulk density, penetration resistance, and water retention curve), root and shoot growth, and grain yield. The agricultural traffic increased bulk density, soil penetration resistance, and water content at field capacity. The highest values for soil penetration resistance (1,600 kPa) and bulk density (1.67 g cm-3) in the trafficked soil were not limiting to corn development and increased grain yield for both crop seasons. Tractor traffic of up to six passes is beneficial to corn cultivation, and it increases water availability and corn grain yield.

An Assessment of Soil Compaction after Logging Operations in Central Amazonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Daniel DeArmond ◽  
João B S Ferraz ◽  
Fabiano Emmert ◽  
Adriano José Nogueira Lima ◽  
Niro Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Central Amazonia ◽  
Log Skidding

Abstract In the forests of the Amazon Basin, there are still few studies on soil compaction caused by logging activities. This study evaluated an operation located on the property of a timber company in Central Amazonia, which uses harvesting techniques based on the harvesting system developed by the Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname. The timber-extraction method employed by the timber company consists of three activities: (1) skid trail construction with a track-type tractor, (2) log winching with a winch attached to the tractor, and (3) log skidding with a rubber-tired skidder. Soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance were quantified to 20 cm in depth. After a single tractor ingress and egress for trail construction, the soil incurred an increased root growth-limiting bulk density and penetration resistance. However, log winching did not cause significant soil compaction. The conclusions of the study were: (1) the greatest impact from this harvesting system came from the skid trail construction, (2) the technique of log winching limited forest floor compaction and disturbance that damages forest regeneration, and (3) log skidding during dry soil conditions limited increases in compaction and track formation.

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