RESPONSE OF WHEAT CROP TO NITROGEN SOURCES AND APPLICATION TIMES UNDER SALINE SODIC SOIL CONDITIONS

Soil salinity and sodicity are among the main problems for optimum crop production in areas where rainfall is not enough for leaching of salts out of the rooting zone. Application of organic and Ca-based amendments have the potential to increase crop yield and productivity under saline–alkaline soil environments. Based on this hypothesis, the present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of compost, Ca-based fertilizer industry waste (Ca-FW), and Ca-fortified compost (Ca-FC) to increase growth and yield of maize under saline–sodic soil conditions. Saline–sodic soil conditions with electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) = 15, were developed by spiking soil with a solution containing NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2. Results showed that soil salinity and sodicity significantly reduced plant growth, yield, physiological, and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the application of Ca-FC caused a remarkable increase in the studied parameters of maize at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1 as compared to the control. In addition, Ca-FC caused the maximum decrease in Na+/K+ ratio in shoot up to 85.1%, 71.79%, and 70.37% at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1, respectively as compared to the control treatment. Moreover, nutrient uptake (NPK) was also significantly increased with the application of Ca-FC under normal as well as saline–sodic soil conditions. It is thus inferred that the application of Ca-FC could be an effective amendment to enhance growth, yield, physiology, and nutrient uptake in maize under saline–sodic soil conditions constituting the novelty of this work.

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The role of activated phosphorous sources in enhancing soil quality and rice productivity under saline sodic soil conditions

المجلة العربیة للعلوم الزراعیة ◽

10.21608/asajs.2020.119553 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

pp. 81-107

Author(s):

Amira, M. Okasha ◽

Khalifa. T.H. H

Keyword(s):

Soil Quality ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Sodic Soil ◽

Rice Productivity

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An Efficient Method for In Vitro Shoot-Tip Culture and Sporophyte Production Using Selaginella martensii Spring Sporophyte

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9020235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kyungtae Park ◽

Bo Kook Jang ◽

Ha Min Lee ◽

Ju Sung Cho ◽

Cheol Hee Lee

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Shoot Tips ◽

Shoot Tip ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Ms Medium ◽

Ex Vitro ◽

Shoot Tip Culture ◽

Propagation Methods

Selaginella martensii, an evergreen perennial fern that is native to South America and New Zealand, is named “frosty fern” because of its beautiful white-colored leaves and it is used as an ornamental plant. Efficient propagation methods for this species have not been developed. We aimed to develop an efficient propagation method for S. martensii through in vitro culture. We investigated culture conditions that are suitable for shoot-tip proliferation and growth. The optimum shoot-tip culture conditions were determined while using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (quarter, half, full, or double strength) and macronutrients (sucrose and two nitrogen sources) at various concentrations. In MS medium, the shoot tips formed a maximum of 6.77 nodes per explant, and each node formed two new shoot tips (i.e., 26 or 64 shoot tips). When using branching segments containing an angle meristem, the shoot-to-rhizophore formation ratio could be controlled by medium supplementation with plant-growth regulators. Sporophytes that were grown from shoot tips in vitro were acclimated in ex vitro soil conditions and successfully survived in the greenhouse. Numerous shoot tips could be obtained from in vitro-grown sporophytes and be proliferated ex vitro to produce a large number of plants. This method provides a way of shortening the time that is required for producing a large stock of S. martensii planting material.

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Soil–Plant Relationships in Saline Wastelands: Vegetation, Soils, and Successional Changes, During Biological Amelioration

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s037689290003321x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 236-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Khalid Mahmood ◽

Kauser A. Malik ◽

M.A.K. Lodhi ◽

Khalid Hamid Sheikh

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Plant Communities ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Sodic Soils ◽

Sodic Soil ◽

Leptochloa Fusca ◽

Biological Amelioration ◽

Kallar Grass ◽

Study Species

An ecological survey of undisturbed saline wastelands and adjacent fields of Kallar Grass (Leptochloa fusca) was undertaken to study species distribution in relation to soil conditions and changes in species composition during amelioration processes. Five plant communities, represented by Atriplex crassifolia C.A. Mey., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf, Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk., and Eleusine flagellifera Nees, had colonized undisturbed areas. Soils of plant communities dominated by these species showed significant variations in salinity and sodicity. S. fruticosa was dominant on highly saline–sodic soil, Cynodon on slightly saline and moderately sodic soil, whereas D. bipinnata showed little variation in cover percentage with changes in salinity and sodicity of soil. These three species had wide ecological amplitude compared with E. flagellifera and A. crassifolia, which were restricted to non-saline and marginally saline–sodic soils, respectively.

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Alleviation of Sodicity Stress in Green Gram and Black Gram Using Plant Growth Regulating Substances

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change ◽

10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i1130271 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 121-126

Author(s):

S. Nithila ◽

R. Amutha ◽

R. Sivakumar

Keyword(s):

Harvest Index ◽

Block Design ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Green Gram ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Flower Initiation ◽

Black Gram ◽

Sodic Soil ◽

The Impact

Most of the pulses in India are grown in low fertility, problematic soils and unpredictable environmental conditions. Major issues in pulse production are poor establishment and low harvest index. In pulses harvest index is only 15-20%. Physiological manipulations such as spraying of hormones and nutrients that reduce flower drop and thereby facilitate large sink size. The objective of this research is to study the impact of Growth regulating substances on germination and establishment and economic yield of black gram and green gram under Sodic soil conditions. The study area is Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy. The nature of soil is sodicity with exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 18.94% with pH of 9.02. The two crop varieties green gram VBN (Gg) 2 & black gram VBN (Bg) 6 were employed under sodic soil condition. Field experiment was conducted during late July to October 2017 under sodic soil condition with ten treatments. The experiment was laid out in a Randamized Block Design with three replications. Foliar spray was given at flower initiation and pod initiation stages. Ten treatment combinations were employed by T1: Control, T2: Seed Treatment (ST) with Ammonium Molybdate (AM) 0.05% + foliar spray of ZnSO4 – 0.5%. T3: AM 0.05% + Panchagavya -3.0%, T4: AM 0.05% + foliar spray of KCl -1%, T5: ST with GA3 50 ppm + foliar spray of ZnSO4 – 0.5%, T6: GA3 50 ppm + Panchagavya -3.0%, T7: GA3 50 ppm + KCl -1%, T8: Cowpea Sprout Extract 2% +ZnSO4 – 0.5%, T9: Cowpea Sprout Extract 2% +Panchagavya -3.0%, T10: Cowpea Sprout Extract 2% + foliar spray of KCl -1%. In conclusion the yield enhancement in best treatment may be due to the presence of bioactive substances in sprouted cowpea extracts and panchagavya were found effective towards yield maximization.

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Influence of fuelwood trees on sodic soils

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-098 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 729-735 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

V.K. Garg ◽

R.K. Jain

Keyword(s):

Soil Surface ◽

Plant Litter ◽

Nutrient Cycle ◽

Research Centre ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Sodic Soils ◽

Sodic Soil ◽

Leguminous Trees ◽

Soil Enrichment ◽

Forestry Practices

The persistent acute fuelwood shortage problem in India has necessitated having tree plantations on waste lands to obtain renewable energy. Fuelwood production screening trials initiated in 1981 at the Biomass Research Centre in Banthra, India (of the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India), identified babul, Acacianilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile, and mesquite, Prosopisjuliflora (Swartz) DC, to be the most promising and suitable leguminous trees in terms of biomass production on sodic sites. A study was carried out to assess soil enrichment due to the growth of these fuelwood trees planted a decade past on sodic soil that had had no other amendments. Results showed preferential nutrient accumulation and greater reduction in soil pH (from 9.5 to 7.9) and exchangeable sodium (from 30 to 8%) at the P. juliflora plantation compared with at the A. nilotica plantation. There was also a reduction in surface soil (0–15 cm) bulk density, but an enhancement in porosity and water holding capacity, making soil more friable. The P. juliflora plantation produced markedly more leaf litter (6.1 t•ha−1•year−1) than the A. nilotica plantation (5.7 t•ha−1•year−1). Both the species had fibrous lateral root systems on the surface in the sodic soil. However, the penetration and spread of roots were almost 2-fold greater in P. juliflora than in A. nilotica. Thus, the potential magnitude of changes in soil properties was related to the distribution of roots and amount of litter falling on the soil surface. Prosopisjuliflora appeared to be better than A. nilotica under adverse sodic soil conditions in establishing an enlarged plant-litter nutrient cycle relationship. This study also provides an assessment of soil amelioration by leguminous trees under short-rotation forestry practices.

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The potential of semi-dwarf oilseed rape genotypes to reduce the risk of N leaching

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859607007472 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 146 (1) ◽

pp. 77-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

K. SIELING ◽

H. KAGE

Keyword(s):

Oilseed Rape ◽

N Uptake ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Plant Residues ◽

N Leaching ◽

Mineral N ◽

Reduced Height

SUMMARYIn northwest (NW) Europe, oilseed rape (OSR) is often used as a preceding crop for winter wheat. Due to its low N harvest index (HI) and to favourable soil conditions after harvest, large amounts of mineral N remain in the soil, which cannot completely be taken up by the subsequent wheat crop. This increases the risk of N leaching into the groundwater during the following winter. Recently, semi-dwarf genotypes of OSR were developed and made commercially available that show similar yields but reduced height growth compared to conventional genotypes. The present authors hypothesized that the introduction of dwarfing genes leads to an increase in HI for dry matter (DM) and for N of OSR. As a consequence, semi-dwarf genotypes would accumulate less aerial biomass, return fewer plant residues to the soil and need less N to achieve yield maximum compared to conventional hybrids or open pollinating varieties. This may lead to a reduced risk of N leaching after growing OSR. In order to test this hypothesis, field trials conducted in 2003/04–2005/06 near Kiel in NW Germany combined four commercial varieties of OSR (Express, Talent, Trabant and Belcanto as semi-dwarf genotype), two seeding dates (mid-August and beginning of September) and eight mineral N fertilization rates (0–240 kg N/ha). On average in 2003/04–2004/05, the semi-dwarf genotype Belcanto achieved significantly less seed yield (4·44 t/ha) than the other varieties (4·65–4·88 t/ha). However, all varieties tested required similar N fertilization to achieve maximum yield. In addition, N offtake by the seeds did not differ. No interaction between genotype and N treatment was observed. Detailed analysis of DM accumulation and N uptake during the growth period revealed only small differences between the varieties in the averages of all N treatments and both years. At harvest, Belcanto produced more pods/m2 and a slightly higher 1000 seed weight. Nevertheless, HI and N HI were similar for all genotypes. It is concluded that, despite its lower plant height, the semi-dwarf genotype did not provide the opportunity to reduce the risk of N leaching after growing OSR.

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