scholarly journals From archebiosis to evolution of organisms and informational systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Yuri Natochin ◽  
Tatiana Chernigovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Language Evolution ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Evolution Of Functions ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Functional Units

Laws of evolution seem to be relevant not only for biological domains, but for informational systems. This paper provides a sketch of a comparison of two systems — that of homeostatic systems, and that of language evolution. We argue that the patterns of evolution of functions are hierarchically organized according to four main levels: I — the primary level: a cell in biology, a phoneme in language; II — functional units: a nephron, a morpheme; III — organs: a kidney (a lung, a heart, etc.), a word; IV — systems: physico-chemical constancy, a sentence or a phrase. There is a set of restrictions for each domain: the linguistic changes have not occurred in all languages, in many cases they are still underway, there are ‘old’ and ‘young’ languages, etc. Such comparisons appear to be relevant and can be applied to objects as far removed as these. This allows us to speak of certain evolutionary universals.

scholarly journals Positively Charged Lipid as Potential Tool to Influence the Fate of Ethosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7060
Author(s):  
Antonia Mancuso ◽  
Maria Chiara Cristiano ◽  
Massimo Fresta ◽  
Daniele Torella ◽  
Donatella Paolino
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Skin Delivery ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Cell Mortality ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Negative Surface ◽  
Cytotoxic Studies

Ethosomes® are one of the main deformable vesicles proposed to overcome the stratum corneum. They are composed of lecithin, ethanol and water, resulting in round vesicles characterized by a narrow size distribution and a negative surface charge. Taking into account their efficiency to deliver drugs into deeper skin layers, the current study was designed to evaluate the influence of different lipids on the physico-chemical features of traditional ethosomes in the attempt to influence their fate. Three lipids (DOPE, DSPE and DOTAP) were used for the study, but only DOTAP conferred a net positive charge to ethosomes, maintaining a narrow mean size lower than 300 nm and a good polydispersity index. Stability and in vitro cytotoxic studies have been performed using Turbiscan Lab analysis and MTT dye exclusion assay, respectively. Data recorded demonstrated the good stability of modified ethosomes and a reasonable absence of cell mortality when applied to human keratinocytes, NCTC 2544, which are used as a cell model. Finally, the best formulations were selected to evaluate their ability to encapsulate drugs, through the use of model compounds. Cationic ethosomes encapsulated oil red o and rhodamine b in amounts comparable to those recorded from conventional ethosomes (over 50%). Results recorded from this study are encouraging as cationic ethosomes may open new opportunities for skin delivery.

Preimplantation differentiation in the mouse egg as revealed by microinjection of vital markers

Development ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-479
Author(s):  
I. B. Wilson ◽  
Eleanor Bolton ◽  
Rosemary H. Cuttler
Keyword(s):  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Preimplantation Mouse Embryos ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Preimplantation Mouse ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Mouse Egg

A microinjection technique has been devised for labelling individual blastomeres of preimplantation mouse embryos with a marker drop of inert silicone fluid placed in the cytoplasm either at the periphery of the egg or at the interface between two blastomeres (i.e. centrally). The following observations were made on blastocysts which developed from injected eggs: (1) All drops derived from peripheral injections (at two-cell to morula stage) were found exclusively in the trophoblast. (2) Drops injected centrally at two- and four-cell stages have been found in both the trophoblast and inner cell mass. (3) Peripheral labelling of one or both members of a pair of eggs (four-cell to morula) fused into a chimaeric blastocyst yielded markers in both trophoblast and inner cell mass. No evidence was found of inherent bilateral symmetry or polarity in the cleaving egg. The results indicate that physico-chemical positional effects determine whether a cell will differentiate into trophoblast or inner cell mass. The results are discussed in the light of current hypotheses relating to early embryonic differentiation in the mammal, and it is suggested that cleavage occurs without spatial disturbance of the cytoplasmic pattern of the egg so that its cortical region is converted directly to the outer cells of the morula and hence to the trophoblast.

scholarly journals ProMoCell and ProModb: web services for analyzing interaction-based functionally localized protein modules in a cell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnali Das ◽  
Pralay Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Web Services ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Web Scraping ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Functional Units ◽  
Database Service ◽  
Protein Modules

The modular organization of a cell which can be determined by its interaction network allows us to understand a mesh of cooperation among the functional modules. Therefore, cellular level identification of functional modules aids in understanding the functional and structural characteristics of the biological network of a cell and also assists in determining or comprehending the evolutionary signal. We develop ProMoCell that performs real-time web scraping for generating clusters of the cellular level functional units of an organism. ProMoCell constructs the Protein Locality Graphs and clusters the cellular level functional units of an organism by utilizing experimentally verified data from various online sources. Also, we develop ProModb, a database service that houses precomputed whole-cell protein-protein interaction network-based functional modules of an organism using ProMoCell. Our web service is entirely synchronized with the KEGG pathway database and allows users to generate spatially localized protein modules for any organism belonging to the KEGG genome using its real-time web scraping characteristics. Hence, the server will host as many organisms as is maintained by the KEGG database. Our web services provide the users a comprehensive and integrated tool for an efficient browsing and extraction of the spatial locality-based protein locality graph and the functional modules constructed by gathering experimental data from several interaction databases and pathway maps. We believe that our web services will be beneficial in pharmacological research, where a novel research domain called modular pharmacology has initiated the study on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of deadly diseases using functional modules.

SELF-SIMILAR COLONY MORPHOGENESIS BY BACTERIA AS THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF FRACTAL GROWTH BY A CELL POPULATION

Fractals ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOHEY MATSUYAMA ◽  
RASIKA M. HARSHEY ◽  
MITSUGU MATSUSHITA
Keyword(s):  
Solid Medium ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Self Similar

Bacteria point inoculated onto the solid medium exert two-dimensional spreading growth on the surface. The colony morphologies are rich in diversity and depend on various biological and physico-chemical factors. Since it is easy to pursue the growth processes macro- and microscopically and to carry out experiments by controlling specific factors, precise experimental approaches to morphogenesis by living cells have now become possible. Several critical factors for self-similar morphogenesis were identified.

Nonhuman sequence learning findings argue against Hoerl and McCormack's two systems of temporal cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. De Corte ◽  
Edward A. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
Two Systems

Abstract Hoerl & McCormack propose that animals learn sequences through an entrainment-like process, rather than tracking the temporal addresses of each event in a given sequence. However, past research suggests that animals form “temporal maps” of sequential events and also comprehend the concept of ordinal position. These findings suggest that a clarification or qualification of the authors’ hypothesis is needed.

Decoration of specific sites on freeze-fractured membranes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
H. Gross ◽  
H. Moor
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Of Hydration ◽  
Small Container ◽  
Binding Forces

Fracturing under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, p ≤ 10-9 Torr) produces membrane fracture faces devoid of contamination. Such clean surfaces are a prerequisite foe studies of interactions between condensing molecules is possible and surface forces are unequally distributed, the condensate will accumulate at places with high binding forces; crystallites will arise which may be useful a probes for surface sites with specific physico-chemical properties. Specific “decoration” with crystallites can be achieved nby exposing membrane fracture faces to water vopour. A device was developed which enables the production of pure water vapour and the controlled variation of its partial pressure in an UHV freeze-fracture apparatus (Fig.1a). Under vaccum (≤ 10-3 Torr), small container filled with copper-sulfate-pentahydrate is heated with a heating coil, with the temperature controlled by means of a thermocouple. The water of hydration thereby released enters a storage vessel.

Effect of Niacin on Mitochondria of Allium Cepa Root Cells

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
M. Arif Hayat
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Hydrogen Transfer ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Critical Interest

Although it is recognized that niacin (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid), incorporated as the amide in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), is a cofactor in hydrogen transfer in numerous enzyme reactions in all organisms studied, virtually no information is available on the effect of this vitamin on a cell at the submicroscopic level. Since mitochondria act as sites for many hydrogen transfer processes, the possible response of mitochondria to niacin treatment is, therefore, of critical interest.Onion bulbs were placed on vials filled with double distilled water in the dark at 25°C. After two days the bulbs and newly developed root system were transferred to vials containing 0.1% niacin. Root tips were collected at ¼, ½, 1, 2, 4, and 8 hr. intervals after treatment. The tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde-OsO4 as well as in 2% KMnO4 according to standard procedures. In both cases, the tissues were dehydrated in an acetone series and embedded in Reynolds' lead citrate for 3-10 minutes.

Ultrastructure of melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions and pigment transfer in vitro

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
Raul I. Garcia ◽  
Evelyn A. Flynn ◽  
George Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Pigment Granule ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Lanthanum Tracer ◽  
A Cell

Skin pigmentation in mammals involves the interaction of epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes in the structural and functional unit known as the Epidermal Melanin Unit. Melanocytes(M) synthesize melanin within specialized membrane-bound organelles, the melanosome or pigment granule. These are subsequently transferred by way of M dendrites to keratinocytes(K) by a mechanism still to be clearly defined. Three different, though not necessarily mutually exclusive, mechanisms of melanosome transfer have been proposed: cytophagocytosis by K of M dendrite tips containing melanosomes, direct injection of melanosomes into the K cytoplasm through a cell-to-cell pore or communicating channel formed by localized fusion of M and K cell membranes, release of melanosomes into the extracellular space(ECS) by exocytosis followed by K uptake using conventional phagocytosis. Variability in methods of transfer has been noted both in vivo and in vitro and there is evidence in support of each transfer mechanism. We Have previously studied M-K interactions in vitro using time-lapse cinemicrography and in vivo at the ultrastructural level using lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture.

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