scholarly journals The first Russian textbook on logic: Historical, logical, and textual analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Larisa G. Tonoyan ◽  
◽  
Maria V. Semikolennykh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Religious Schools ◽  
History Of Logic ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to one of the first Russian textbooks on logic written by Makariy Petrovich (1733–1765), a professor of the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The analysis of this work demonstrates that it was not a simple translation of some Latin textbook (such translations were published later, after the foundation of the Moscow University). The textbook is a result of Makariy’s (and his predecessors) years of teaching logic in Russian religious schools. It is, to some extent, an original work. The article explores the peculiarities of Makariy’s rendition of logic. For example, the chapters on syllogistics illustrate that Makariy was somewhat innovative: he replaced Latin names for the modes of the categorical syllogism with made-up Cyrillic words (while keeping to the rules defining the choice of Latin letters). It seems that he strived to make logic more practical and as a result, wrote the textbook entirely in Cyrillic. The article considers the historical context of Makariy’s work and its place in the history of logic. The authors make several assumptions as to why Mikhil Lomonosov did not publish the first Russian textbook on logic and also why Makariy’s book was not printed. The authors’ comparative study of XVIII century textbooks on logic makes it possible to specify some probable sources for “Logic”, both Latin and Greek. In addition, Makariy’s approach to the translation of logical terms (some of them he translated into Russian while others were transliterated) is considered. After thorough examination of all three surviving manuscripts of Makariy’s “Logic”, the authors conclude that this textbook is worthy of proper publication.

scholarly journals On the Syllogistic of G. Boole

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Yu. Yu. Chernoskutov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Original Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Logic ◽  
Symbolic Algebra ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Core Features

Introduction. This article focuses on the investigation of Boole’s theory of categorical syllogism, exposed in his book “The Mathematical analysis of Logic”. That part of Boolean legacy has been neglected in the prevailed investigations on the history of logic; the latter provides the novelty of the work presented.Methodology and sources. The formal reconstruction of the methods of algebraic presentation of categorical syllogism, as it is exposed in the original work of Boole, is conducted. The character of Boolean methods is investigated in the interconnections with the principles of symbolic algebra on the one hand, and with the principles of signification, taken from R. Whately, on the other hand. The approaches to signification, grounding the syllogistic theories of Boole and Brentano, are analyzed in comparison, wherefrom we explain the reasons why the results of those theories are different so much.Results and discussion. It is demonstrated here that Boole has borrowed the principles of signification from the Whately’s book “The Elements of Logic”. The interpreting the content of the terms as classes, being combined with methods of symbolic algebra, has determined the core features of Boolean syllogism theory and its unexpected results. In contrast to Whately, Boole conduct the approach to ultimate ends, overcoming the restrictions imposed by Aristotelean doctrine. In particular, he neglects the distinction of subject and predicate among the terms of proposition, the order of premises, and provide the possibility to draw conclusions with negative terms. At the same time Boole missed that the forms of inference, parallel to Bramantip and Fresison, are legitimate forms in his system. In spite of the apparent affinities between the Boolean and Brentanian theories of judgment, the syllogistics of Boole appeared to be more flexible. The drawing of particular conclusion from universal premises is allowable in Boolean theory, but not in Brentanian one; besides, in his theory is allowable the drawing of conclusion from two negative premises, which is prohibited in Aristotelian syllogistic.Conclusion. Boole consistently interpreted signification of terms as classes; being combine with methods symbolic algebra it led to very flexible syllogism theory with rich results.

The Myth of Pelagianism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Separate Group ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
History Of

Pelagius is the first known British author, important because of his persuasive advocacy of two ideas: that human nature was inclined to goodness, and that man had free will. After a campaign to vilify him, he was excommunicated in AD 418 for allegedly inventing a new heresy, and his name was made synonymous with arrogance. This book shows that Pelagius defended the contemporary ascetic account of Christianity and that, far from being the leader of a separatist group, he was one of many propagandists for the ascetic movement which swept through Christianity at this time and generated medieval monasticism. Textual analysis proves that Pelagius did not teach the ideas attributed to him or propose anything new. It is impossible to differentiate between Pelagius’ writings and other ascetic literature, and there was no separate group of ‘Pelagians’. This book also examines how and why the myth was created, setting this process in its historical context and in the context of scholarship on the function of heresy in religion and sociological analysis of the creation of deviance. Finally, manuscript evidence supports the argument that ‘Pelagianism’ was a deliberately created myth. Travelling under false attributions, Pelagius’ writings were staples of monastic book collections because they contained the same ideas as other texts promoting the ascetic version of Christianity. In the fourteenth century, when Christians once more sought a confident anthropology, it was Pelagius’ works to which they turned. This book presents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the history of Christianity in the West.

Ancient Revolutions in the Literature of Polish Romanticism

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-226
Author(s):  
Maciej Junkiert
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Classical Tradition ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
European Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
Classical Traditions ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
Literary Reception

This article aims to examine the Polish literary reception of the French Revolution during the period of Romanticism. Its main focus is on how Polish writers displaced their more immediate experiences of revolutionary events onto a backdrop of ‘ancient revolutions’, in which revolution was described indirectly by drawing on classical traditions, particularly the history of ancient Greeks and Romans. As this classical tradition was mediated by key works of German and French thinkers, this European context is crucial for understanding the literary strategies adopted by Polish authors. Three main approaches are visible in the Polish reception, and I will illustrate them using the works of Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859), Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849) and Cyprian Norwid (1821–1883). My comparative study will be restricted to four works: Krasiński's Irydion and Przedświt (Predawn), Słowacki's Agezylausz (Agesilaus) and Norwid's Quidam.

Philosophic Pride

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
Hugo Grotius ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in 1762, and concentrating on arguments originating from England, France, and the Netherlands, the book considers how political writers of the period engaged with the ideas of the Roman and Greek Stoics that they found in works by Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The book examines key texts in their historical context, paying special attention to the history of classical scholarship and the historiography of philosophy. The book delves into the persisting tension between Stoicism and the tradition of Augustinian anti-Stoic criticism, which held Stoicism to be a philosophy for the proud who denied their fallen condition. Concentrating on arguments in moral psychology surrounding the foundations of human sociability and self-love, the book details how the engagement with Roman Stoicism shaped early modern political philosophy and offers significant new interpretations of Lipsius and Rousseau together with fresh perspectives on the political thought of Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes. The book shows how the legacy of the Stoics played a vital role in European intellectual life in the early modern era.

Toward an Islamic Framework for Worldview Studies

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-43
Author(s):  
Abdelaziz Berghout
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Inductive Approach ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Field Of Inquiry ◽  
Muslim Scholars

The paper examines the importance of designing a framework for studying worldviews within the parameters of contemporary Islamic thought. It briefly reviews both selected western and Islamic stances on worldview studies. The literature reveals that research on this topic and its application to different spheres has become a topic of some interest to many intellectual circles, particularly in the western context. Hence, the possibility of forming an Islamic civilizational framework for an inquiry into people’s worldviews needs to be assessed. This article follows a textual analysis and inductive approach to analyze the prospects of formulating an Islamic framework for research on worldviews and its applications. It concludes that western scholars have made considerable efforts in treating people’s worldviews as a field of study, while Muslim scholars have not. In this respect, many western researchers have contributed to developing worldview studies as a separate field of inquiry, including the history of concept, subject matter, objectives, kinds, methods, and applications. Therefore, the need to enhance the Islamic input and research pertaining to this field by introducing an Islamic civilizational framework and approach of inquiry becomes apparent.

Cartographic production in Russia: main stages and trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 963 (9) ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Chronological Order ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
Further Development

Studying the current state of cartography and ways of further developing the industry, the role of the map in the future of the society, new methods of promoting cartographic products is impossible without a deep scientific analyzing all the paths, events and factors influencing its formation and development throughout all the historic steps of cartographic production in Russia. In the article, the history of cartographic production in Russia is considered together with the development of private, state and military cartography, since, despite some differences, they have a common technical, technological and production basis. The author describes the stages of originating, formation and growth of industrial cartographic production from the beginning of the XVIII century until now. The connection between the change of political formations and technological structures with the mentioned stages of maps and atlases production is considered. Each stage is studied in detail, a step-by-step analysis was carried out, and the characteristics of each stage are described. All the events and facts are given in chronological order, highlighting especially significant moments influencing the evolution of cartographic production. The data on the volumes of printing and sales of atlases and maps by commercial and state enterprises are presented. The main trends and lines of further development of cartographic production in Russia are studied.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Geslani
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Indian Religion

The introduction reviews the historiographic problem of the relation between fire sacrifice (yajña) and image worship (pūjā), which have traditionally been seen as opposing ritual structures serving to undergird the distinction of “Vedic” and “Hindu.” Against such an icono- and theocentric approach, it proposes a history of the priesthood in relation to royal power, centering on the relationship between the royal chaplain (purohita) and astrologer (sāṃvatsara) as a crucial, unexplored development in early Indian religion. In order to capture these historical developments, it outlines a method for the comparative study of ritual forms over time.

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