Rainwater for drinking in Vietnam: barriers and strategies

Abstract For many decades in Vietnam, rainwater harvesting has been widely used as a nature-based solution in rural areas, aiming at good-quality drinking water with low cost and little energy. Recently, rainwater for drinking has attracted much attention from the Vietnam government. Furthermore, despite its efforts, the outcomes are not as expected due to local barriers. This paper reviewed rainwater for drinking demonstration projects in some specific areas of Vietnam, with identification of the technical, economic, and social barriers, further suggesting possible overcome strategies. A lesson learnt from this study would be the principle of promoting rainwater for drinking in developing countries, looking forward to sustainability.

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Appropriate technologies for environmental hygiene

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1980.0070 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 209 (1174) ◽

pp. 37-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Low Cost ◽

Field Testing ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Environmental Hygiene ◽

Major Constraint ◽

Effective Delivery ◽

The Face

Appropriate technologies for environmental hygiene usually centre on the delivery of adequate and accessible water supply, and proper treatment and disposal of excreta and refuse. In the face of the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade of 1981-90, several research efforts are under way in the developing countries to develop technologies and approaches for improving environmental hygiene in both rural areas and urban squatter settlements. These are discussed and include the technical development and field testing of infiltration galleries, low-cost slow and fast filtration processes for water treatment, handpumps, on-site excreta disposal using aqua-privy and compost toilets, and excreta treatment and refuse through composting with refuse, biogas generation, fish culture and use of excreta as crop fertilizer. The relevant technology ‘hardware’ is but one of several components necessary for effective delivery of services. The dearth of qualified manpower at all levels is described as being the major constraint to the Water and Sanitation Decad.

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SKEWED PEDIATRIC PRIORITIES

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.63.3.388 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 388-388

Author(s):

D. Morley

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Medical Care ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Low Cost

Although three quarters of the population in most developing countries live in rural areas, three quarters of the spending on medical care is in urban areas, where three quarters of the doctors live. Three quarters of the deaths are caused by conditions that can be prevented at low cost, but three quarters of the medical budget is spent on curative services, many of them provided for the elite at high cost.

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Rainwater harvesting solar pasteurization treatment systems for the provision of an alternative water source in peri-urban informal settlements

Environmental Science Water Research & Technology ◽

10.1039/c7ew00392g ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 291-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Brandon Reyneke ◽

Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽

Sehaam Khan ◽

Wesaal Khan

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Informal Settlements ◽

Water Source ◽

Urban Informal Settlements ◽

Alternative Water

Solar pasteurization systems are able to reduce microbial contamination in rainwater to within drinking water guidelines and thereby provide households in informal settlements and rural areas with an alternative water source.

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Characteristics of Ion Release from Building Materials during Rainwater Harvesting

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3522 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 955-959 ◽

pp. 3522-3528

Author(s):

Jian Feng Zhang ◽

Ya Xiong Deng ◽

Zhan Qin Lei ◽

Wei Xie

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Building Materials ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Ion Release ◽

Water Ph ◽

Materials Used

In the past two decade, the Chinese government has paid a huge effort to solve the problem of drinking water in remote rural. As an alterative success case, rainwater harvesting and utility has been the most efficient way to supplying fresh water in rural areas of the Loess Plateau, a typical water resources serious shortage area in China. Focused on improving the quality of the rural village cistern water, study about the characteristics of ion release from building materials during runoff process with five representative materials used for rainwater collection: concrete, red brick, grey tile, red tile and soil was conducted. The ion releasing process and following effect on cistern water quality index, such as hardness, pH, conductivity, has been analyzed. Results revealed that the most release strength of different materials was arriving at 30s following startup. Furthermore, the test of effects of rain acidity on ion release procession showed that the total ion release increased with storm water pH declining, however, the release strength was irrelevance with runoff’s pH. Based on research results, a detailed suggestion was provided to renovate intake construction of cistern for improving the drinking water quality in remote rural areas of Weibei Semi-arid District.

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Fluoride removal from aqueous solution by Ca-pretreated macrophyte biomass

Environmental Chemistry ◽

10.1071/en07078 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 68 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Patricia Miretzky ◽

Carolina Muñoz ◽

Alejandro Carrillo-Chávez

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Sorption Capacity ◽

Aquatic Macrophyte ◽

Low Cost ◽

Isotherm Models ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Natural Material ◽

Macrophyte Biomass

Environmental context. Fluoride concentrations in drinking water above 1.5 mg L–1 may be detrimental to human health. Many methods have been developed for removing excessive fluoride from drinking water. The use of an aquatic macrophyte biomass (Eleocharis acicularis) pretreated with Ca2+, a low-cost natural material, could be a technique for rural populations in developing countries that cannot afford treated or bottled water for daily consumption. Abstract. The use of an aquatic macrophyte biomass (Eleocharis acicularis) pretreated with Ca2+ as a low-cost natural material for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution was studied. Batch experiments were carried out to determine fluoride sorption capacity and the efficiency of the sorption process under different pH, initial F– and macrophyte biomass doses. The experimental data showed good fitting to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum F adsorption capacity was 0.110 mmol g–1 with an efficiency of 64.5% (pH 6.0; 5.0 g L–1 Ca-pretreated biomass). The binding of Ca2+ to the biomass increased the removal efficiency over 100%. The F– removal kinetics were rapid, less than 30 min, and best described by the pseudo-second order rate model. The rate constant, the initial sorption rate and the equilibrium sorption capacity were determined. These results may be useful for deprived rural population water supply schemes in Mexico and in other developing countries.

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Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2020.096 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ebele Erhuanga ◽

Maingaila Moono Banda ◽

Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽

Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽

Bioye Ogunjobi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Filter Design ◽

Low Cost ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Household Water Treatment ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

Household Water ◽

Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (>97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

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Enhancing the resilience of the rainwater for drinking (RFD) system through systematic monitoring: a case study at the Ly Nhan rural hospital in Vietnam

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2021.120 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hakyung Lee ◽

Tran Hoai Son ◽

Dao Anh Dzung ◽

Jongkook Lee ◽

Mooyoung Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Open Data ◽

Data Access ◽

Operational Mode ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Systematic Monitoring ◽

Harvesting Systems ◽

Unsafe Water

Abstract Many rainwater harvesting systems have been installed and operated to supply drinking water to rural regions. However, they often lacked the management method to produce safe drinking water reliable. The current practice of operating rainwater harvesting systems did not have systematic monitoring as the basis of reliable operation so that the operators did not have confidence in their operation. To overcome these limitations, a rainwater for drinking (RFD) system has been suggested which was to produce drinking water by adding the proper treatment processes and setting up the proper operational mode. This study aimed to evaluate stable regular monitoring results from a pilot RFD system at a local hospital in Vietnam. Water quality and quantity were monitored by the trained local operator on a quarterly and weekly basis. The raw dataset was then shared with the study team by uploading into an open data access platform, from where the technical support was provided to prevent the provision of unsafe water to users. Ultimately, employing systematic monitoring would help to enhance the resilience of the RFD system, contributing to resolving the drinking water issue in rural areas of developing countries, aiming at the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 6.

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Multi-utility framework: blockchain exchange platform for sustainable development

International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications ◽

10.1108/ijpcc-06-2020-0059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jacques Bou Abdo ◽

Sherali Zeadally

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Business Models ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Peer To Peer ◽

Content Type ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

Blockchain Technology

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design a sustainable development platform for water and energy peer-to-peer trading that is financially and economically feasible. Water and other resources are becoming scarcer every day, and developing countries are the neediest for an immediate intervention. Water, as a national need, is considered to be one of the most precious commodities, but it is also one of the main causes for conflicts in the 21st century. Rainwater harvesting and peer-to-peer trading of the harvested water is one of the most convenient, scalable and sustainable solutions but faces organization challenges such as the absence of suitable business models motivating normal users to sell their generated resources (such as water and energy), currency and financial settlement complexities and single utility markets. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes a multi-utility trading platform based on the blockchain technology which can address the challenges faced by peer-to-peer trading for resources such as energy and water. Findings This paper presents a peer-to-peer multi-utility trading platform that solves the shortcomings of existing utility frameworks reported in the current literature. Originality/value This proposed platform meets the needs of developing countries as well as rural areas of developed countries. The open nature of the proposed design makes it suitable for adoption and use by various stakeholders.

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Drinking water desalination using low-cost Tubular Solar Still

Applied Water Science ◽

10.1007/s13201-019-1093-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Azrina Karima ◽

Kh. Md. Shafiul Islam

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Solar Still ◽

Daily Production ◽

Coastal Belt ◽

Engineering Department ◽

Southwest Region ◽

Population Urbanization

Abstract Growing freshwater scarcity in arid and remote areas usually is caused by the growth of population, urbanization and industrialization and the rather limited natural resources of potable water. In coastal belt of southwest region of Bangladesh, groundwater contains high salinity as well as excessive arsenic contamination. Though pond sand filter and rainwater harvesting system are usually used to meet the freshwater demand throughout the year in this area, along with these, household-based solar desalination could be a good source of drinking water in this region. In this study, a low-cost Tubular Solar Still (TSS) was designed using locally available materials to meet such demand. It was consisted of a tubular frame (0.00275 m thick helical GI wire, 1.0 m long and 0.2 m in diameter) and a rectangular tray (1.0 m × 0.16 m × 0.05 m ) covered with black polythene paper. The collection bottle was kept in an insulation box. The field experiment on the constructed TSS was carried out on the rooftop of Civil Engineering Department building from June 25, 2011, to June 20, 2012. Daily distilled output from the TSS was collected approximately 2 h after sunset. The maximum daily production rate was found as 3.83 l/m2 in May 2012. The production cost of distilled water is estimated as 0.39 BDT/L or 0.0046 USD/L. The application of this process can fulfill the demand of freshwater for drinking purpose for single household in coastal areas.

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