Appropriate technologies for environmental hygiene

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1174) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Environmental Hygiene ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
The Face

Appropriate technologies for environmental hygiene usually centre on the delivery of adequate and accessible water supply, and proper treat­ment and disposal of excreta and refuse. In the face of the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade of 1981-90, several research efforts are under way in the developing countries to develop technologies and approaches for improving environmental hygiene in both rural areas and urban squatter settlements. These are discussed and include the technical development and field testing of infiltration galleries, low-cost slow and fast filtration processes for water treatment, handpumps, on-site excreta disposal using aqua-privy and compost toilets, and excreta treatment and refuse through composting with refuse, biogas generation, fish culture and use of excreta as crop fertilizer. The relevant technology ‘hardware’ is but one of several components necessary for effective delivery of services. The dearth of qualified manpower at all levels is described as being the major constraint to the Water and Sanitation Decad.

scholarly journals Rainwater for drinking in Vietnam: barriers and strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bui Thi Thuy ◽  
Anh Dung Dao ◽  
Mooyong Han ◽  
Duc Canh Nguyen ◽  
Viet Anh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Barriers

Abstract For many decades in Vietnam, rainwater harvesting has been widely used as a nature-based solution in rural areas, aiming at good-quality drinking water with low cost and little energy. Recently, rainwater for drinking has attracted much attention from the Vietnam government. Furthermore, despite its efforts, the outcomes are not as expected due to local barriers. This paper reviewed rainwater for drinking demonstration projects in some specific areas of Vietnam, with identification of the technical, economic, and social barriers, further suggesting possible overcome strategies. A lesson learnt from this study would be the principle of promoting rainwater for drinking in developing countries, looking forward to sustainability.

scholarly journals Field testing of low-cost titania-based photocatalysts for enhanced solar disinfection (SODIS) in rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Porley ◽  
Efthalia Chatzisymeon ◽  
Bhim Charan Meikap ◽  
Somnath Ghosal ◽  
Neil Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Solar Disinfection

We report the efficacy of titania-based photocatalysts for use as a simple and effective method of disinfecting drinking water in villages in West Bengal, demonstrating the viability of this technique to enhance solar disinfection in rural areas.

SKEWED PEDIATRIC PRIORITIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-388
Author(s):  
D. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost

Although three quarters of the population in most developing countries live in rural areas, three quarters of the spending on medical care is in urban areas, where three quarters of the doctors live. Three quarters of the deaths are caused by conditions that can be prevented at low cost, but three quarters of the medical budget is spent on curative services, many of them provided for the elite at high cost.

Decision-making criteria and indicators for water and sanitation projects in developing countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Garfì ◽  
Laia Ferrer-Martí
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Basic Sanitation

Water and sanitation projects for solving the needs of small communities in developing countries are complex in nature and involve complex decision-making, which must consider technical, socio-economic and environmental dimensions. Multicriteria analysis (MCA) is a suitable decision-aid method that scores a finite number of options on the basis of a set of evaluation criteria. The main challenge in MCA is choosing the appropriate criteria and evaluation indicators to use for assessment. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive and wide list of criteria and evaluation indicators as a guideline in MCA of water and basic sanitation projects in small rural communities of developing countries. First, the paper details the general criteria to be considered in all the projects, which are classified in to 4 main groups: technical (e.g. local resources use, appropriate management); social (e.g. local community participation, overcoming discrimination of conflict); economic (e.g. low cost, employment of local staff) and environmental criteria (e.g. atmospheric emissions, water pollution). Then, it describes technical criteria to be additionally considered in each specific type of project: water supply (e.g. water needs, independent access), water treatment (e.g. constant resource availability, flexibility of use for different types of water) and basic sanitation projects (e.g. maximum number of people per system, effluent quality).

Fluoride removal from aqueous solution by Ca-pretreated macrophyte biomass

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Miretzky ◽  
Carolina Muñoz ◽  
Alejandro Carrillo-Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Macrophyte Biomass

Environmental context. Fluoride concentrations in drinking water above 1.5 mg L–1 may be detrimental to human health. Many methods have been developed for removing excessive fluoride from drinking water. The use of an aquatic macrophyte biomass (Eleocharis acicularis) pretreated with Ca2+, a low-cost natural material, could be a technique for rural populations in developing countries that cannot afford treated or bottled water for daily consumption. Abstract. The use of an aquatic macrophyte biomass (Eleocharis acicularis) pretreated with Ca2+ as a low-cost natural material for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution was studied. Batch experiments were carried out to determine fluoride sorption capacity and the efficiency of the sorption process under different pH, initial F– and macrophyte biomass doses. The experimental data showed good fitting to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum F adsorption capacity was 0.110 mmol g–1 with an efficiency of 64.5% (pH 6.0; 5.0 g L–1 Ca-pretreated biomass). The binding of Ca2+ to the biomass increased the removal efficiency over 100%. The F– removal kinetics were rapid, less than 30 min, and best described by the pseudo-second order rate model. The rate constant, the initial sorption rate and the equilibrium sorption capacity were determined. These results may be useful for deprived rural population water supply schemes in Mexico and in other developing countries.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN MALAWI: PROGRESS AND INEQUALITIES (1992-2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cassivi ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
E.O.D. Waygood ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBillions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for “leaving no one behind”, there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of least developed countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992 - 2017) and to identify the most vulnerable population in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress is generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population - foremost poorest Southern rural populations - still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest to include standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase accuracy of national estimates.

scholarly journals Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Maingaila Moono Banda ◽  
Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Bioye Ogunjobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (>97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

A REVIEW ON SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Jain ◽  
Anuj Kumar Ruhela
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Awareness Campaigns

India is a home to 1.21 billion people, about one-sixth of the world’s population. The Prime Minister of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) on 2nd October, 2014 to accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on sanitation. It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event. The SBM has two sub-missions, the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the nodal Ministry for SBM (Gramin) and Ministry of Urban Development is the nodal Ministry for SBM (Urban). The core objectives of SBM are to bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. India clean by October 2, 2019 with core objectives of making the country 100% free from Open Defecation and ensuring 100% Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management as a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, which in rural areas shall mean improving the levels of cleanliness. Villages are considered "Open Defecation-Free" when no faeces are openly visible and every household and public/community institution uses safe technology to dispose of faeces in such a way that there is no contamination of surface soil, groundwater or surface water; excreta is inaccessible to flies or animals, with no manual handling of fresh excreta; and there are no odour and unsightly conditions. Usually, an "ODF village" declaration is made by the village or Gram Panchayat. As of 2016, 36.7% of rural households and 70.3% of urban households, 48.4% of households overall used improved sanitation facilities as per data of National Family Health Survey 4, which was conducted between January 2015 and December 2016, show. A majority, 51.6%, did not. Household toilet availability has improved from 41.93% 2014 to 63.98% in 2017, and the state of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Kerala have achieved 100% Open Defecation Free (ODF) status as per data of the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Gram Panchayats have self-declared 193,081 villages to be ODF, but 53.9% of these have not been verified, according to the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, which is responsible for Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin, which accounts for 85% of Swachh Bharat Mission's budget. (Data accessed on May 22, 2017). According to the Swachh Survekshan 2017 Report, the top two cleanest cities in India are Indore and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh while Gonda in Uttar Pradesh is the dirtiest city in India, Every segment of population, from primary school children to elderly persons need to be properly sensitized about inherent linkages of sanitation for public health. Besides roping in the educational institutions, particularly the schools in awareness campaigns, optimum use needs to be made of social media as well as electronic and print media to spread the message to grass root level. Celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan is leading a “Darwaza Bandh” (on open defecation) campaign for SBA. The film Toilet: Ek Prem Katha was released in Indian Cinema in the year of 2017 to improve the sanitation conditions, with an emphasis on the eradication of open defecation, especially in rural areas. Swachh Shakti 2018 is celebrated in Lucknow with 15 thousands women Swachh Bharat Champions resolving to usher in Clean India on International Women’s Day (8th March 2018).

Iron-Catalyzed Low Cost Solar Activated Process for Drinking Water Disinfection in Colombian Rural Areas

2013 ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Cristina Ruales-Lonfat ◽  
Angélica Varón López ◽  
José Fernando Barona ◽  
Alejandro Moncayo-Lasso ◽  
Norberto Benítez Vásquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Drinking Water Disinfection

Spring Health’s Tryst: Selling Safe Drinking Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 219-237
Author(s):  
Sumita Sindhi ◽  
Pranab Ranjan Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Indian States ◽  
East Indian ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Challenging Situation

The case talks about Spring Health Water India Private Limited (referred as SH), a social enterprise delivering safe drinking water to the millions who are earning less than $2 per day. Chairman of Spring Health Paul Polak, took up for-profit business venture as a measure to ensure health and poverty alleviation in rural areas. The idea is to provide affordable drinking water through decentralized delivery and utilizing local resources and grassroot entrepreneurs to keep the drinking water prices low. This venture provided extra income to some of the villagers — as entrepreneurs, business assistants, delivery boys, masons and plumbers, etc. Many innovative methods are adopted in the process to reach out to all social groups, in least possible time and at highly affordable prices. Effort is made to maximize customer base by using marketing techniques which are culturally and socially sensitive. Technology used in the process of chlorination is simple and with little knowledge/experience a villager can handle it too. It is a low cost technology and hence utilizes less resources, which are easily available and do not require high costs of handling and managing. The target is to reach 200 million people in the coming years covering East Indian states of Odisha, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand. To reach such scale, it requires concerted efforts on the part of company and a lot of funding support. Launch at each new village is a new challenge. Convincing rural masses on safe drinking water is a challenge and selling water with a price tag is not readily accepted in rural areas. Chairman Paul Polak and CEO Kishan Nanavati have a challenging situation of convincing people to buy safe drinking water and to mobilize funds for further expansion.

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