scholarly journals The Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: comparison scores from 27 sites in 22 countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Stoler ◽  
Joshua D. Miller ◽  
Ellis A. Adams ◽  
Farooq Ahmed ◽  
Mallika Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal 6

Abstract Household survey data from 27 sites in 22 countries were collected in 2017–2018 in order to construct and validate a cross-cultural household-level water insecurity scale. The resultant Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) scale presents a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating water interventions as a complement to traditional metrics used by the development community. It can also help track progress toward achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6 ‘clean water and sanitation for all’. We present HWISE scale scores from 27 sites as comparative data for future studies using the HWISE scale in low- and middle-income contexts. Site-level mean scores for HWISE-12 (scored 0–36) ranged from 1.64 (SD 4.22) in Pune, India, to 20.90 (7.50) in Cartagena, Colombia, while site-level mean scores for HWISE-4 (scored 0–12) ranged from 0.51 (1.50) in Pune, India, to 8.21 (2.55) in Punjab, Pakistan. Scores tended to be higher in the dry season as expected. Data from this first implementation of the HWISE scale demonstrate the diversity of water insecurity within and across communities and can help to situate findings from future applications of this tool.

Handwashing and water security in the context of a pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Hannah ◽  
Iseult Lynch ◽  
Feng Mao ◽  
Joshua D. Miller ◽  
Sera L. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal 6

<p>The COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call for water security issues. It makes us acutely aware how crucial access, and ability, for adequate hand hygiene are for reducing transmission risks of communicable diseases. An estimated 40% of households globally lack access to basic handwashing facilities. A recent cross-cultural study of household water insecurity experiences (HWISE) found that nearly one in four of 6,637 randomly sampled households across 23 sites in 20 low- and middle-income countries. Similar water, sanitation and hygiene problems impact on poorer families in high-income nations too.</p><p>We explore the challenge of hand hygiene in a changing water world and reflect on the importance of making rapid progress towards “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” (UN Sustainable Development Goal 6). We contest that urgent action on water security is essential to better prepare societies for the future, including global health crises. Drawing on the latest evidence, we provide recommendations on how to increase handwashing, and improve human health and wellbeing more broadly, by reducing water insecurity. Across our world, policymakers must focus on: investment in water infrastructure, water independent alternatives, and behavioural change and knowledge promotion. Moreover, we must prioritise holistic, evidence-based solutions that address 3 facets of water (in)security: availability, quality & accessibility.</p>

scholarly journals Managing Non-Sewered Sanitation for Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhagato Dasgupta ◽  
Neha Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Service Chain ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal 6

The challenge of ensuring clean water and safely managed sanitation towards meeting the Sustainable Development Goal 6 is made more complex by unplanned urbanisation in South Asia. Nearly 50% of all toilet-owning households globally and 83% in South Asia depend on non-networked sanitation, with a multi-step service chain comprising containment, collection, conveyance, and treatment of faecal waste. Over the last few years, South Asian governments have begun to eschew the long-enduring preference for centralised sewerage infrastructure in favour of better management of non-networked sanitation as part of city-level wastewater management systems. However, these interventions have largely excluded the household-level containment systems that hold the potential to create both adverse localised and diffuse public health and environmental outcomes if dysfunctional. The present Chapter discusses evidence from a multi-state household survey in India to assess the nature and quality of containment systems in use by urban Indian households. Secondly, it reviews approaches to their governance under more evolved paradigms to inform an ecosystem-wide strategy for managing these systems in India and countries with similar contexts.

scholarly journals Microestimates of wealth for all low- and middle-income countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. e2113658119
Author(s):  
Guanghua Chi ◽  
Han Fang ◽  
Sourav Chatterjee ◽  
Joshua E. Blumenstock
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Heterogeneous Data ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Many critical policy decisions, from strategic investments to the allocation of humanitarian aid, rely on data about the geographic distribution of wealth and poverty. Yet many poverty maps are out of date or exist only at very coarse levels of granularity. Here we develop microestimates of the relative wealth and poverty of the populated surface of all 135 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at 2.4 km resolution. The estimates are built by applying machine-learning algorithms to vast and heterogeneous data from satellites, mobile phone networks, and topographic maps, as well as aggregated and deidentified connectivity data from Facebook. We train and calibrate the estimates using nationally representative household survey data from 56 LMICs and then validate their accuracy using four independent sources of household survey data from 18 countries. We also provide confidence intervals for each microestimate to facilitate responsible downstream use. These estimates are provided free for public use in the hope that they enable targeted policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic, provide the foundation for insights into the causes and consequences of economic development and growth, and promote responsible policymaking in support of sustainable development.

scholarly journals Gridded Population Survey Sampling: A Review of the Field and Strategic Research Agenda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana R. Thomson ◽  
Dale A. Rhoda ◽  
Andrew J. Tatem ◽  
Marcia C. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Population Survey ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
R Package ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Survey Sampling ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Population Surveys ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Household Survey Data

Objective: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), household survey data are a main source of information for planning, evaluation, and decision-making. Standard surveys are based on censuses, however, for many LMICs it has been more than ten years since their last census and they face high urban growth rates. Over the last decade, survey designers have begun to use modelled gridded population estimates as sample frames. We summarize the state of the emerging field of gridded population survey sampling, focussing on LMICs. Methods: We performed a systematic review and identified 43 national and sub-national gridded population-based household surveys implemented across 29 LMICs. Findings: Gridded population surveys used automated and manual approaches to derive clusters from WorldPop and LandScan gridded population estimates. After sampling, many surveys interviewed all households in each cluster or segment, though some sampled households from larger clusters. Tools to select gridded population survey clusters include the GridSample R package, Geo-sampling tool, and GridSample.org. In the field, gridded population surveys generally relied on geographically accurate maps based on satellite imagery or OpenStreetMap, and a tablet or GPS technology for navigation. Conclusions: For gridded population survey sampling to be adopted more widely, several strategic questions need answering regarding cell-level accuracy and uncertainty of gridded population estimates, the methods used to group/split cells into sample frame units, design effects of new sample designs, and feasibility of tools and methods to implement surveys across diverse settings.

scholarly journals In pursuit of ‘safe’ water: the burden of personal injury from water fetching in 21 low-income and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e003328
Author(s):  
Vidya Venkataramanan ◽  
Jo-Anne L Geere ◽  
Benjamin Thomae ◽  
Justin Stoler ◽  
Paul R Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Physical Context ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Public Health Challenge

IntroductionWater fetching for household needs can cause injury, but documentation of the burden of harm globally has been limited. We described the frequency, characteristics and correlates of water-fetching injuries in 24 sites in 21 low-income and middle-income countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.MethodsIn a survey of 6291 randomly selected households, respondents reported whether and how they had experienced water-fetching injuries. Responses were coded for injury type, mechanism, bodily location and physical context. We then identified correlates of injury using a multilevel, mixed-effects logistic regression model.ResultsThirteen per cent of respondents reported at least one water-fetching injury. Of 879 injuries, fractures and dislocations were the most commonly specified type (29.2%), and falls were the most commonly specified mechanism (76.4%). Where specified, 61.1% of injuries occurred to the lower limbs, and dangerous terrain (69.4%) was the most frequently reported context. Significant correlates included being female (aOR=1.50, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.96); rural (aOR=4.80, 95% CI 2.83 to 8.15) or periurban residence (aOR=2.75, 95% CI 1.64 to 4.60); higher household water insecurity scores (aOR=1.09, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.10) and reliance on surface water (aOR=1.97, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.22) or off-premise water sources that required queueing (aOR=1.72, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.49).ConclusionThese data suggest that water-fetching injuries are an underappreciated and largely unmeasured public health challenge. We offer guidelines for comprehensive data collection on injuries to better capture the true burden of inadequate water access. Such data can guide the design of interventions to reduce injury risk and promote equitable water access solutions.

Unbelievable but improved cookstoves are not helpful in reducing firewood demand in Nepal

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANI NEPAL ◽  
APSARA NEPAL ◽  
KRISTINE GRIMSRUD
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Open Fire ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Household Survey Data ◽  
Nationally Representative

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the effect of different types of cookstoves on firewood demand at the household level. Using nationally representative household survey data from Nepal, we find that stove type significantly affects the firewood demand for household uses. Traditional mud-stove user households seem to use less firewood than the open-fire stove users. Surprisingly, households with the so-called ‘improved’ stoves seem to use more firewood than the households with mud stoves. Thus, converting traditional open-fire stoves to mud stoves may be a better conservation strategy in the short term rather than installing improved stoves, unless the technology improves. However, in the long run, making cleaner fuel more accessible to rural households is desirable to reduce indoor air pollution.

scholarly journals Development and validation protocol for an instrument to measure household water insecurity across cultures and ecologies: the Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e023558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sera L Young ◽  
Shalean M Collins ◽  
Godfred O Boateng ◽  
Torsten B Neilands ◽  
Zeina Jamaluddine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Structure Identification ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Being There

IntroductionA wide range of water-related problems contribute to the global burden of disease. Despite the many plausible consequences for health and well-being, there is no validated tool to measure individual- or household-level water insecurity equivalently across varying cultural and ecological settings. Accordingly, we are developing the Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale to measure household-level water insecurity in multiple contexts.Methods and analysisAfter domain specification and item development, items were assessed for both content and face validity. Retained items are being asked in surveys in 28 sites globally in which water-related problems have been reported (eg, shortages, excess water and issues with quality), with a target of at least 250 participants from each site. Scale development will draw on analytic methods from both classical test and item response theories and include item reduction and factor structure identification. Scale evaluation will entail assessments of reliability, and predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity, as well as the assessment of differentiation between known groups.Ethics and disseminationStudy activities received necessary ethical approvals from institutional review bodies relevant to each site. We anticipate that the final HWISE Scale will be completed by late 2018 and made available through open-access publication. Associated findings will be disseminated to public health professionals, scientists, practitioners and policymakers through peer-reviewed journals, scientific presentations and meetings with various stakeholders. Measures to quantify household food insecurity have transformed policy, research and humanitarian aid efforts globally, and we expect that an analogous measure for household water insecurity will be similarly impactful.

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