scholarly journals Community-based water governance for adaptation to water reduction and scarcity in Badulla district of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. S. Daluwatte ◽  
S. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Water Springs

Abstract Sustainable Development Goal number 6 declares safe drinking water for all as a human right and it can be used as an indicator to measure development. While urban and municipal residents benefit from safe drinking water through centralized water supply systems, water supply for rural areas and estates were decentralized due to large construction costs, according to the demand-driven approach introducing community governance mechanism for water sources and water supply in rural areas. Community-based water societies emerged as a consequence of this situation. In Badulla district of Sri Lanka, 47% of community-based water societies depend upon natural water springs benefitting 46% of households in a particular area. Recently, two natural water springs dried up affecting 191 households and 10 community-based water societies who depend on natural water springs are regulating their water supply hours due to a long and extended drought situation.This affected 1,953 households in Badulla. Further it represents 8.4% of households who depend upon natural water springs. Owing to the present water scarcity, 37 community-based water societies started catchment protection initiatives with the support of government and non-governmental agencies. One community-based water society in this district has collapsed due to lack of water with the drying up of their natural water spring and another is functioning with an alternative water source. Other community-based water societies are functioning to a varying extent because of water level reduction in natural water springs. While the climate is changing, there are development initiatives that, in particular, are affecting natural water springs.

scholarly journals Health risk assessment of drinking water in correlation with water-related diseasess

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Mihail Kocubovski ◽  
Aleksandra Stambolieva ◽  
Aneta Kostova ◽  
Elena Chibisheva ◽  
Zarko Karadzovski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Bacteriological Analysis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Republic ◽  
City Water

Healthy and safe drinking water in sufficient quantities provided to consumers improves living conditions, raises health culture at a higher level and promotes the environment as a whole. The aim is to see if there is a correlation between irregular water samples with intestinal infectious diseases related to drinking water. Materials and method. The preparation of the Republic Computer Program (1996) for issuing laboratory findings (RCP) from the analyses of samples of drinking water (physico-chemical and bacteriological), in accordance with the methodology for application of ID numbers in the computer system in the Public Health Centers has created the possibility of complete health records of drinking water supply facilities under health surveillance for the territory of the entire Republic. Evaluation has been made of the results of basic physicо-chemical and bacteriological analyses of drinking water in the settlements of the Republic of North Macedonia and the water-related diseases – waterborne intestinal infectious diseases in the period 2014-2018. Results. Drinking water from city water supply in the examined period in terms of physico-chemical analysis ranged 2.9-4.3%, while in relation to bacteriological analysis 0.9-2.6%.. Waterborne intestinal infectious diseases show a decline in their incidence in 2018. Conclusion. The registered data from the physicо-chemical and bacteriological analysis showed that the drinking water from the city water supply systems in the period 2014-2018 was safe. According to the processed data, access to safe drinking water for the population was 97% by 2018, which ranks the country in the group of countries in the world with the highest access to safe drinking water, and there is no significant connection with drinking water related diseases.

scholarly journals Assessment of carcinogenic risk from exposure to chlororganic compounds of water of systems of centralized water supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Boris I. Marchenko ◽  
Petr V. Zhuravlev ◽  
Nina K. Plugotarenko ◽  
Aleksandra I. Yuhno
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Organochlorine Compounds ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
High Level

Introduction. The problem of providing the population with drinking water with guaranteed quality, safety, and physiological usefulness is highly relevant for many regions of Russia. The use of chlorination for disinfection of the water is a potential cause of the formation of excess concentrations of organochlorine compounds in it, including trihalogenomethanes, which leads to elevated levels of carcinogenic risk. The study’s object was: data on the content in water of centralized water supply systems of carcinogenic organochlorine compounds - chloroform, dichlorobromomethane and chlorodibromomethane. Material and methods. information on the incidence of the population of malignant neoplasms; the results of an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the preliminary ammonization method. The paper used methods of health risk assessment, variation statistics, and mathematical modeling. Results. The use of preliminary ammonization in Taganrog prevents the formation of trihalogenomethanes and ensures the maintenance of an individual multi-route carcinogenic risk at an acceptable level (9.933 · 10-6). Systematic unreasonable hyper chlorination of river water without prior ammoniation is the main reason for the excess content of chlororganic compounds and the high level of individual carcinogenic risk in the Primorsky rural settlement of the Neklinovsky District - up to 3.234 · 10-3 in 2015. Modeling on the basis of experimental chlorination of natural water indicates the high efficiency of preliminary ammonization in the disinfection mode, which ensures the content of free total active chlorine in tap water in the range from 0.8 to 1.2 mg/l. Conclusion. The high efficiency of the application of preliminary ammonization of natural water to prevent the formation of trihalogenomethanes and reduce carcinogenic risk has been confirmed. The priority factor for the formation of excess amounts of organochlorine compounds in drinking water is its hyper chlorination. Promising measures to reduce the carcinogenic risk of trihalogenomethanes in tap water include the systematic monitoring of their content, the use of preliminary ammonization, the exact dosage of chlorine, the deep purification of the source water before chlorination, the replacement of primary chlorination with ultraviolet disinfection, and others.

scholarly journals Community Based Rural Drinking Water Supply System (Sustainability Challenge in Kannahipuram CBO Scheme)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
M Riswan ◽  
P Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Participatory Approach ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural Water

Rural Water Supply (RWS) system implemented and maintained by a community-Based Organization (CBO) adopting a participatory approach, which is considered a useful strategy to supply safe drinking water to the people, especially in rural segments of the country in a sustainable manner. This study was carried out based on Kannahipuram CBO managed RWS schemein Alayadivembu Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD). The study gathered primary data through field-based interviews with key stakeholders in CBO managed water supply system and field observations. Also, it collected secondary data from statistical reports from NWSDB, RWS, and CBOs, etc. The findings have been interpreted mainly based on the descriptive qualitative method. This study examines the extent to which the community participation influences community ownership of rural water projects and its sustainability in the Kannahipura scheme. This paper also sets out to analyze the impacts of the participatory approach in the rural water supply system using qualitative and quantitative information that compiled project data with field surveys. The study found that the participatory approach was effectively exercised in Kannahipuram CBO managed water supply scheme to ensure a sustainable system at the village level. However, it was observed that the quality of water is not in a drinkable condition for drinking purposes, and the water source has been contaminated, particularly in the Shallow-well due to climate change, increased demand, and seasonal drought in the region. Hence, this study suggests improving the water quality by using advanced treatment processes to provide safe drinking water at a drinkable level through CBO operation and community participation successfully and effectively.

scholarly journals Household’s Willingness to Pay for Safe Drinking Water: A Case Study of Abbottabad District

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1137-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirajul Haq ◽  
Usman Mustafa ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Life ◽  
National Income ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrhoeal Diseases

Drinking water is the basic need of human life. Safe drinking water is an essential component of primary health care and have vital role in poverty alleviation. There is positive correlation between increased national income and the proportion of population with access to improved water supply. An increase of 0.3 percent investment in household access to safe drinking water generates one percent increase in GDP. Whereas, provision of safe drinking water supply is an effective health intervention reduces the mortality caused by water-borne diseases by an average 70 percent. Inadequate drinking water not only resulted in more sickness and deaths, but also augments health costs, lower worker productivity and school enrolment [World Bank (1994)]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimate 1.8 million people in developing countries die every year from diarrhea and cholera, Out of these 90 percent are children under the age of five years. While 88 percent of diarrhoeal diseases are attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene [WHO (2004)]. The situation is not very different in Pakistan; the access to safe drinking water is estimated to be available to 23.5 percent of population in rural areas and 30 percent in urban areas. While every year 0.2 million children die due to diarrhoeal diseases [Rosemann (2005)].

scholarly journals Keberlanjutan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Komunitas (Studi Kasus: Hippam Mandiri Arjowinangun, Kota Malang)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Sri Maryati ◽  
Natasha Indah Rahmani ◽  
Anggit Suko Rahajeng
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
User Association ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Community Based

Limited capacity of government on drinking water supply has demanded the implementation of Community Based Water Supply System, one of them in the form of a Drinking Water User Association (Hippam). An important issue in community-based water supply is sustainability, from which institutions play a critical factor in the sustained provision of drinking water. Institutions relate to management, maintenance and financing systems, and contribute to technology selection and decision making. The purpose of this study is to explore the institutional conditions as a determinant factor for the sustainability of community-based water management. The study also aims to develop a framework for sustainable institutional assessment in community-based drinking water supply. In this study Hippam Mandiri Arjowinangun (HMA) in Malang City, East Java Province was chosen as a case study. HMA has been operating since 1994. The sustainability of HMA regarding applying the principles of institutional support for sustainability was very interesting as a case. The research method applied qualitative research by comparing the benchmark of institutional principles of sustainability with institutional principles applied to HMA. The result shows that HMA has applied the principles of institutional support for sustainability. However, some issues should be addressed in the HMA sustainability include the delineation of the water source boundary, specific attributes for the users, and the rules of water utilization. The study has also produced an assessment framework for the sustainability of community-based drinking water supply systems from the institutional perspective.

scholarly journals Provision of Safe Drinking Water to the Local Population within the Clean Water Project Implemented in the Penza Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
VV Vasilyev ◽  
TV Ryabinina ◽  
MV Perekusihin ◽  
EV Vasilev
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Supply Systems

Introduction: Drinking water from centralized drinking water supply systems is not always safe due to its natural pollution with various chemicals and microbiological contamination occurring in the distribution system. In this regard, the role of the service exercising governmental water quality surveillance is growing. The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of drinking water and the associated health risk and to substantiate priority measures aimed at improving the quality of water in the centralized water supply systems of the region. Materials and methods: We examined the results of drinking water quality testing performed within the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and socio-hygienic monitoring and incidence rates in morbidity of population in 27 districts of the Penza Region and the regional center for the years 2014–2019. Health risks from oral exposures to waterborne chemicals were assessed in accordance with Guidelines R 2.1.10.1920–04. The statistical relationship was studied by the correlation method. Results: We established that water quality in the centralized water supply systems fed by underground sources is determined by the chemical composition of the exploited aquifers that divide the territory of the Penza Region into four zones. The worst water quality was observed in the fourth zone where concentrations of natural iron, fluorides and boron in tap water were many times higher than their maximum permissible levels and the hazard quotient for fluorides exceeded the limit value (HQ = 2.845 for children and 1.219 for adults). In the third zone, iron posed the highest risks of diseases of mucosa and skin (HI = 0.296), the immune system (HI = 0.311), and hematopoietic system (H = 0.473) in children; we also established a strong correlation between the average annual concentration of iron in tap water and the incidence of genitourinary disorders, gastritis and duodenitis in the child population. Although the share of the population supplied with safe drinking water from centralized water supply systems increased from 86.5 % in 2014 to 89.4 % in 2019, the target set within the Regional Clean Water Project for 2019 was not achieved. Conclusion: The study results were taken into account when making additions to the Regional Clean Water Project in 2020 envisaging construction of iron removal plants and water well drilling in areas with low fluorine levels.

Determinants of household participation in the management of rural water supply systems: A case from Ethiopia

Water Policy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aschalew D. Tigabu ◽  
Charles F. Nicholson ◽  
Amy S. Collick ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
User Participation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Supply Systems

Access to safe drinking water supply in Ethiopia is among the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa. While both governmental and non-governmental organizations have implemented water supply projects in recent years, many fail shortly after construction due to improper management. In this paper, we examine socio-economic, institutional and exogenous factors affecting household participation in the management of water supply systems for drinking purposes. A survey was carried out involving 16 water supply systems and 160 households within the Achefer area, in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. The results show that household contributions to water supply system management are positively and significantly affected by user participation during the project design and implementation, by advocacy provided by the project and by greater household income. Thus, for drinking water systems in rural areas to be sustainable, these factors should be included when planning water supply projects.

Community-based rainwater harvesting (CB-RWH) to supply drinking water in developing countries: lessons learned from case studies in Africa and Asia

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1110-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongkyun Kim ◽  
Mooyoung Han ◽  
Julius Kabubi ◽  
Hong-Gyoo Sohn ◽  
Duc-Canh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Innovative Solution ◽  
Private And Public

This paper uses pragmatic findings and lessons learned from three case studies to deduce that community-based rainwater harvesting (CB-RWH) is an innovative solution to develop sustainable drinking water supply systems in developing countries, especially in Africa and Asia. Taking advantage of traditional community-based activities in African and Asian villages, the water supply system can be significantly improved with the introduction and implementation of CB-RWH systems. Furthermore, sustainable, safe water sources in Africa and Asia can be brought to fruition when transparent self-regulatory management systems are supported through comprehensive design and maintenance guidelines and funded from private and public sources. To this end, the potential for CB-RWH to lead toward greater resilience and sustainability was investigated. Based on case studies of three successful demonstration projects in Africa and Asia, this paper identifies 14 innovative solutions resolving technical, economic, and social problems which have been barriers preventing the wide implementation of CB-RWH in developing countries, especially in Africa and Asia. It also recommends strategies to promote CB-RWH in African and Asian villages, which include the following: implementation of more pilot projects at local levels; promotion of and education in rainwater preservation and harvesting at all levels of the education system; and innovation in micro-funding systems in cooperation with corporate social responsibility activities. These strategies will promote the implementation of CB-RWH as a mainstream and high-priority technique for national, regional, and global water strategies.

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