Optimal reconstruction of historical water supply to a distribution system: B. Applications

In a recently completed case-control epidemiological study, the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services (NJDHSS) with support from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) documented an association between prenatal exposure to a specific contaminated community water source and leukaemia in female children. An important and necessary step in the epidemiological study was the reconstruction of the historical water supply strategy of the water distribution system serving the Dover Township area, New Jersey. The sensitivity of solutions to: (1) pressure and pattern factor constraints, (2) allowable operational extremes of water levels in the storage tanks, and (3) the non-uniqueness of the water supply solution are analysed in detail. The computational results show that the proposed approach yields satisfactory results for the complete set of monthly simulations and sensitivity analyses, providing a consistent approach for identifying the historical water supply strategy of the water distribution system. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the alternative strategy obtained from the revised objective function and the variation of constraints did not yield significantly different water supply characteristics. The overall analysis demonstrates that the progressive optimality genetic algorithm (POGA) developed to solve the optimization problem is an effective and efficient algorithm for the reconstruction of water supply strategies in water distribution systems.

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Optimal reconstruction of historical water supply to a distribution system: A. Methodology

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2004.0012 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 123-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. M. Aral ◽

J. Guan ◽

M. L. Maslia ◽

J. B. Sautner ◽

R. E. Gillig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Jersey ◽

Water Supply ◽

Epidemiological Study ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Optimization Problem ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Childhood Leukaemia ◽

Toxic Substances

The New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services (NJDHSS), with support from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) conducted an epidemiological study of childhood leukaemia and nervous system cancers that occurred in the period 1979 through 1996 in Dover Township, Ocean County, New Jersey. The epidemiological study explored a wide variety of possible risk factors, including environmental exposures. ATSDR and NJDHSS determined that completed human exposure pathways to groundwater contaminants occurred in the past through private and community water supplies (i.e. the water distribution system serving the area). To investigate this exposure, a model of the water distribution system was developed and calibrated through an extensive field investigation. The components of this water distribution system, such as number of pipes, number of tanks, and number of supply wells in the network, changed significantly over a 35-year period (1962–1996), the time frame established for the epidemiological study. Data on the historical management of this system was limited. Thus, it was necessary to investigate alternative ways to reconstruct the operation of the system and test the sensitivity of the system to various alternative operations. Manual reconstruction of the historical water supply to the system in order to provide this sensitivity analysis was time-consuming and labour intensive, given the complexity of the system and the time constraints imposed on the study. To address these issues, the problem was formulated as an optimization problem, where it was assumed that the water distribution system was operated in an optimum manner at all times to satisfy the constraints in the system. The solution to the optimization problem provided the historical water supply strategy in a consistent manner for each month of the study period. The non-uniqueness of the selected historical water supply strategy was addressed by the formulation of a second model, which was based on the first solution. Numerous other sensitivity analyses were also conducted using these two models. Both models are solved using a two-stage progressive optimality algorithm along with genetic algorithms (GAs) and the EPANET2 water distribution network solver. This process reduced the required solution time and generated a historically consistent water supply strategy for the water distribution system.

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Exergy Evaluation of a Water Distribution System

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13236221 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 6221

Author(s):

Jedrzej Bylka ◽

Tomasz Mróz

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Energy Loss ◽

Water Supply ◽

Case Studies ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Supply System ◽

Water Supply System

The water supply system is one of the most important elements in a city. Currently, many cities struggle with a water deficit problem. Water is a commonly available resource and constitutes the majority of land cover; however, its quality, in many cases, makes it impossible to use as drinking water. To treat and distribute water, it is necessary to supply a certain amount of energy to the system. An important goal of water utility operators is to assess the energy efficiency of the processes and components. Energy assessments are usually limited to the calculation of energy dissipation (sometimes called “energy loss”). From a physical point of view, the formulation of “energy loss” is incorrect; energy in water transport systems is not consumed but only transformed (dissipated) into other, less usable forms. In the water supply process, the quality of energy—exergy (ability to convert into another form)—is consumed; hence, a new evaluation approach is needed. The motivation for this study was the fact that there are no tools for exergy evaluation of water distribution systems. A model of the exergy balances for a water distribution system was proposed, which was tested for the selected case studies of a water supply system and a water treatment station. The tool developed allows us to identify the places with the highest exergy destructions. In the analysed case studies, the highest exergy destruction results from excess pressure (3939 kWh in a water supply system and 1082 kWh in a water treatment plant). The exergy analysis is more accurate for assessing the system compared to the commonly used energy-based methods. The result can be used for assessing and planning water supply system modernisation.

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A Head Formulation for the Steady-State Analysis of Water Distribution Systems Using an Explicit and Exact Expression of the Colebrook–White Equation

Water ◽

10.3390/w13091163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1163

Author(s):

Mengning Qiu ◽

Avi Ostfeld

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Solution Method ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Academic Research ◽

Exact Expression ◽

Contamination Source

Steady-state demand-driven water distribution system (WDS) solution is the bedrock for much research conducted in the field related to WDSs. WDSs are modeled using the Darcy–Weisbach equation with the Swamee–Jain equation. However, the Swamee–Jain equation approximates the Colebrook–White equation, errors of which are within 1% for ϵ/D∈[10−6,10−2] and Re∈[5000,108]. A formulation is presented for the solution of WDSs using the Colebrook–White equation. The correctness and efficacy of the head formulation have been demonstrated by applying it to six WDSs with the number of pipes ranges from 454 to 157,044 and the number of nodes ranges from 443 to 150,630. The addition of a physically and fundamentally more accurate WDS solution method can improve the quality of the results achieved in both academic research and industrial application, such as contamination source identification, water hammer analysis, WDS network calibration, sensor placement, and least-cost design and operation of WDSs.

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Modelling both the continual erosion and regeneration of discolouration material in drinking water distribution systems

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2013.176 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 81-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

W. R. Furnass ◽

R. P. Collins ◽

P. S. Husband ◽

R. L. Sharpe ◽

S. R. Mounce ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Transport Model ◽

Water Distribution Systems ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽

Proactive Management ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

Mass Transport Model

The erosion of the cohesive layers of particulate matter that causes discolouration in water distribution system mains has previously been modelled using the Prediction of Discolouration in Distribution Systems (PODDS) model. When first proposed, PODDS featured an unvalidated means by which material regeneration on pipe walls could be simulated. Field and laboratory studies of material regeneration have yielded data that suggest that the PODDS formulations incorrectly model these processes. A new model is proposed to overcome this shortcoming. It tracks the relative amount of discolouration material that is bound to the pipe wall over time at each of a number of shear strengths. The model formulations and a mass transport model have been encoded as software, which has been used to verify the model's constructs and undertake sensitivity analyses. The new formulations for regeneration are conceptually consistent with field and laboratory observed data and have potential value in the proactive management of water distribution systems, such as evaluating change in discolouration risk and planning timely interventions.

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Hydraulic Performance Analysis and Modeling of Water Supply Distribution System of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

10.20944/preprints202002.0149.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chalchisa Milkecha ◽

Habtamu Itefa

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Demand ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Science And Technology ◽

Hydraulic Performance ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

The University

This study was conducted generally by aiming assessment of the hydraulic performance of water distribution systems of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU). In line with the main objective, this study addressed, (1) pinpointing problems of existing water supply versus demand deficit (2) evaluating the hydraulic performance of water distribution system using water GEMS and (3) recommended alternative methods for improving water demand scenarios. The University’s water supply distribution network layout was a looped system and the flow of water derived by both gravity and pressurized system. The gravity flow served for the academic and administrative staffs whereas the pressurized system of the network fed the students dormitories, cafeteria’s etc. The study revealed the existence of unmet minimum pressure requirement around the student dormitories which accounts 25.64% below the country’s building code standard during the peak hour consumption. The result of the water demand projection showed an increment of 2.5 liter per capita demand (LPCD) in every five years. Hence, first, the university’s water demand was projected and then hydraulic parameters such as; pressure, head loss and velocity were modeled for both the existing and the improved water supply distribution. The finding of the study was recommended to the university’s water supply project and institutional development offices for its future modification and rehabilitation works.

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Hybrid Hesitant Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method: A Symmetric Analysis of the Selection of the Best Water Distribution System

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12122096 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2096

Author(s):

Samayan Narayanamoorthy ◽

Veerappan Annapoorani ◽

Samayan Kalaiselvan ◽

Daekook Kang

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Water Supply ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽

Water Project

Every country’s influence and livelihood is centered on that country’s water source. Therefore, many studies are being conducted worldwide to improve and sustain water resources. In this research paper, we have selected and researched the water scheme for groundwater recharge and drinking water supply of drought prone areas. The water project is aimed at connecting the drought prone areas of the three districts of Tamil Nadu to filling up the ponds in their respective villages and raising the ground water level and meeting the drinking water requirement. We have chosen a multi-criteria decision method to select the best alternative in a complex situation. When reviewing the implementation of this water project, many experts and people who will benefit from this project may have some hesitation and ambiguity in their suggestion on choosing the best water distribution system.We believe that the benefits of this project can be fully availed of if we choose a water distribution system. Our contribution in this article is to choose the best water distribution system for this project by use of our proposed multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods, hesitant fuzzy standard deviation with multi-objective optimization method by ratio analysis (HFSDV-MOORA), hesitant fuzzy standard deviation with technique, for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (HFSDV-TOPSIS) and hesitant fuzzy standard deviation with VIsekriterijumsko Kompromisno Rangiranje (HFSDV-VIKOR), which will provide the best solution for improving the water resource for the drought-prone areas of three districts. Finally, we have identified and compared the correlation coefficient between proposed methods. As a result of the study, it has been found that the best water supply system is closed concrete pipes laid along agricultural land through the rural areas.

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An Approach to Estimating Water Quality Changes in Water Distribution Systems Using Fault Tree Analysis

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources8040162 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 162 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak ◽

Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik ◽

Dorota Papciak

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Fault Tree ◽

Water Distribution Systems ◽

Fault Tree Analysis ◽

Quality Changes ◽

The Stability ◽

Water Treatment Station

Given that a consequence of a lack of stability of the water in a distribution system is increased susceptibility to secondary contamination and, hence, a threat to consumer health, in the work detailed here we assessed the risk of such a system experiencing quality changes relating to the biological and chemical stability of water intended for drinking. Utilizing real operational data from a water treatment station, the presented analysis of the stability was performed based on the fault tree method. If they are to protect their critical-status water supply infrastructure, water supply companies should redouble their efforts to distribute stable water free of potentially corrosive properties. To that end, suggestions are made on the safeguarding of water distribution systems, with a view to ensuring the safety of operation and the long-term durability of pipes.

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Biofilms from a Brazilian water distribution system include filamentous fungi

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2012-0529 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 183-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

V.M. Siqueira ◽

H.M.B. Oliveira ◽

C. Santos ◽

R.R.M. Paterson ◽

N.B. Gusmão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Filamentous Fungi ◽

Distribution System ◽

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Sampling Device ◽

Calcofluor White

Filamentous fungi in drinking water can block water pipes, can cause organoleptic biodeterioration, and are a source of pathogens. There are increasing reports of the involvement of the organisms in biofilms. This present study describes a sampling device that can be inserted directly into pipes within water distribution systems, allowing biofilm formation in situ. Calcofluor White M2R staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization with morphological analyses using epifluorescent microscopy were used to analyse biofilms for filamentous fungi, permitting direct observation of the fungi. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) was applied to detect bacteria. Filamentous fungi were detected in biofilms after 6 months on coupons exposed to raw water, decanted water and at the entrance of the water distribution system. Algae, yeast, and bacteria were also observed. The role of filamentous fungi requires further investigations.

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THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM / GERIAMOJO VANDENS TIEKIMO SISTEMOS DARNAUS VYSTYMO VERTINIMAS

Technological and Economic Development of Economy ◽

10.3846/20294913.2011.649957 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 688-699

Author(s):

Marina Valentukevičienė ◽

Gytautas Ignatavičius ◽

Auksė Amosenkienė

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Drinking Water Supply ◽

Drinking Water Distribution System ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Drinking Water Distribution

Drinking water distribution system takes a significant place in sustainable urban development. In order to solve some environmental issues it is necessary to improve the maintenance of the environmental impact of chemical compounds which can come in contact with water. The aim of the research is to complete the analysis of the sustainable development of drinking water pipelines in Lithuania as well as to structure the chemical content of pipelines for further increase of supplied water quality and simplification of maintenance. Analytical and descriptive methods were used in the research process. The investigation included 150 samples that were obtained in different water stagnation times in lab-scaled pipelines. During the research the following indicators were set: total iron, manganese, ammonium ions, nitrate and nitrite concentrations, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (CODCr). To ensure sustainability of drinking water distribution system in the end of this research the appliance of a certain model of actions was considered. This model says that material of potable water network must be chosen depending on water chemical indicators, water reaction with pipeline material and scale formation causes. Consequently, to reduce a negative effect of chemical processes on the drinking water supply measures of sustainable ecological development have to be taken. Santrauka Geriamojo vandens tiekimo sistema yra labai svarbus darnios miesto plėtros objektas. Siekiant išspręsti tam tikras aplinkosaugos problemas, būtina padidinti cheminių junginių, kurie gali kontaktuoti su vandeniu, kontrolę, taip užtikrinant tinkamą poveikio aplinkai priežiūrą. Šio mokslinio tyrimo tikslas – atlikti geriamojo vandens vamzdyno Lietuvoje analizę darnaus vystymosi aspektu, struktūrizuoti cheminę vamzdynų sudėtį, siekiant pagerinti tiekiamo vandens kokybę ir supaprastinti tolesnę vandentiekio vamzdynų priežiūrą. Mokslinio darbo metu buvo taikomi analitiniai ir eksperimentiniai tyrimo metodai. Buvo ištirta 150 mėginių, paimtų iš laboratorijoje sukonstruoto vamzdyno. Mėginiai tirti atsižvelgiant į vandens išbuvimo vamzdyne trukmę. Tyrimo metu buvo nustatomi šie cheminiai indikatoriai: bendroji geležis, mangano koncentracija, amonio jonų kiekis, nitritų ir nitratų koncentracijos, drumstumas ir cheminis deguonies suvartojimas (ChDSCr). Siekiant užtikrinti geriamojo vandens tiekimo sistemos tvarumą, tyrimo pabaigoje buvo pasiūlytas tam tikras veiksmų modelis. Jis rodo, kad vandentiekio vamzdynų medžiaga turi būti parinkta pagal tiekiamo vandens cheminius indikatorius, vandens sąveikos su vamzdyno medžiaga ir nuosėdų formavimosi priežastis. Todėl būtina imtis darnaus vystymo priemonių, mažinant neigiamą cheminių procesų įtaką tiekiamo vandens kokybei.

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Burst Detection in Water Distribution Systems: The Issue of Dataset Collection

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10228219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 8219

Author(s):

Andrea Menapace ◽

Ariele Zanfei ◽

Manuel Felicetti ◽

Diego Avesani ◽

Maurizio Righetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Distribution System ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Stochastic Modelling ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Consumption Data ◽

Supply Systems

Developing data-driven models for bursts detection is currently a demanding challenge for efficient and sustainable management of water supply systems. The main limit in the progress of these models lies in the large amount of accurate data required. The aim is to present a methodology for the generation of reliable data, which are fundamental to train anomaly detection models and set alarms. Thus, the results of the proposed methodology is to provide suitable water consumption data. The presented procedure consists of stochastic modelling of water request and hydraulic pipes bursts simulation to yield suitable synthetic time series of flow rates, for instance, inlet flows of district metered areas and small water supply systems. The water request is obtained through the superimposition of different components, such as the daily, the weekly, and the yearly trends jointly with a random normal distributed component based on the consumption mean and variance, and the number of users aggregation. The resulting request is implemented into the hydraulic model of the distribution system, also embedding background leaks and bursts using a pressure-driven approach with both concentrated and distributed demand schemes. This work seeks to close the gap in the field of synthetic generation of drinking water consumption data, by establishing a proper dedicated methodology that aims to support future water smart grids.

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