UTILIZAÇÃO DA SEMENTE DE MORINGA OLEÍFERA E FILTRO BIOLÓGICO COMO MÉTODO ALTERNATIVO PARA A CLARIFICAÇÃO DE ÁGUA BRUTA

Água, um recurso natural essencial à vida, para se adequar ao consumo deve ser pura, livre de quaisquer substâncias. Geralmente, o sulfato de alumínio seja o coagulante químico utilizado nas Estações de Tratamentos para a clarificação da água, produz um lodo tóxico rico em alumínio de difícil deposição no ambiente. Entretanto, coagulantes naturais de origem vegetal como sementes de Moringa oleífera têm demonstrado vantagens em comparação aos químicos, pela simplicidade de uso e baixo custo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a eficiência da semente de Moringa oleífera quando associada ao filtro biológico para clarificação de água bruta. À vista disso, como delineamento experimental, foram realizados dois testes com duas repetições cada, sendo que o primeiro teste buscou avaliar a eficiência do filtro biológico, apenas com a passagem de água bruta, e o segundo procurou avaliar a eficiência da água tratada pelas sementes de Moringa, quando adicionadas ao sistema de filtragem. Para o sistema de filtração, foram utilizados três recipientes e instalados de forma decrescente. O primeiro recipiente foi utilizado como decantador para a adição da água bruta tratada com as sementes, o segundo foi utilizado como filtro biológico obtendo divisões para os meios filtrantes como cascalhos, cerâmicas, carvão ativado e o terceiro recipiente, para o recebimento de água filtrada. As amostras de água bruta foram coletadas na Estação de Tratamento de Água e as sementes colhidas no plantio de própria espécie. Foram realizadas análises comparativas do aspecto físico (turbidez) e químico (pH) da água filtrada, água tratada e filtrada, respectivamente, com a água bruta (controle) de cada teste, de modo que as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância (ANOVA) seguida do teste de Tukey (p<0,05), pela qual as diferenças significativas foram apresentadas por gráficos. De acordo com os resultados, o filtro biológico demonstra eficiência ao clarificar apenas a água bruta e quando adicionada a água tratada ao sistema de filtragem, o processo de clarificação se torna mais eficaz, pois reduz a turbidez e não altera o pH. Pode-se concluir que o tratamento da água bruta, por meio do coagulante vegetal e filtro biológico, apresenta-se como um método alternativo para a clarificação, uma vez que seja preciso controlar o período de filtração, comprovando-se que 10 h de filtragem corresponde ao melhor tempo determinado para a redução da turbidez e estabilidade do pH, dado que o aumento desse período prejudica a qualidade da água. USE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED AND BIOLOGICAL FILTER AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR RAW WATER CLARIFICATION ABSTRACT Water, a natural resource essential to life, it must be pure for proper consumption, free of any substances. Generally, aluminum sulfate is the chemical coagulant used in Treatment Plants for water clarification, although it produces a toxic sludge that is rich in aluminum and difficult to deposition in the environment. However, natural coagulants of plant origin such as Moringa oleifera seeds have shown advantages over chemicals, due to their simplicity of use and low cost. The objective of this work was to analyze the efficiency of the Moringa oleifera seeds when associated with the biological filter for raw water clarification. In view of this, as an experimental design, two tests were carried out with two repetitions each, the first test sought to evaluate the efficiency of the biological filter, only with the raw water flow, and the second evaluated the efficiency of the water treated by the Moringa seeds, when added to the filtration system. For the filtration system, three containers were used, and they were downwardly installed. The first container was used as a decanter for the addition of raw water treated with seeds, the second was used as a biological filter with divisions for filter media such as gravel, ceramics, activated carbon and the third container was filled with filtered water. The raw water samples were collected at the Water Treatment Station and the seeds were harvested from the planting of the same species. It was performed a comparative analysis of physical (turbidity) and chemical (pH) aspects of filtered water, treated and filtered water, respectively with the raw water (control) of each test, so that the variables were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test (p <0.05), in which the significant differences were represented by graphics. According to the results, the biological filter shows to be efficient in clarifying only raw water and when the treated water is added to the filtration system, the clarifying process becomes more effective, since it reduces turbidity and does not alter the pH. It can be concluded that the treatment of raw water through vegetable coagulant and biological filter is an alternative method for clarification, as it is necessary to control the filtration period, proving that 10 hours of filtration corresponds to the best time determined for the reduction of the turbidity and pH stability, provided that the increase of this period affects the water quality. Descriptors: Moringa Seeds, Biological Filter, Treatment, Comparative Parameters.

Treatment of polluted municipal wastewater in Tashkent

This article presents the results of a comparative study of the method of biological treatment using aquatic plants and algae to improve the technology of treatment of domestic and municipal wastewater treatment plants formed in urban areas. According to test results, 5 species of aquatic plants and 2 strains of algae tested, pistachio and eucalyptus species, and strains of Chlorella vulgaris UA-1-6 were found to be resistant to domestic wastewater. This water plant laripistiya and eichorniya species grow well in different wastewater concentrations (25%, 50%, 100%) in the 100%. Both water treatment stations have a high yield and treatment levels. It was observed that it reached 90% at the "Binokor" water treatment station and the water treatment station "Salar" - 82-86%. This is because the amount of harmful substances in the wastewater of the "Salar" water treatment station is 5 times higher than the number of pollutants in the water treatment station "Binokor". It should be noted that the results of wastewater treatment works at 2 water treatment plants showed that the type of pistachio plant is more resistant to wastewater than the type of eucalyptus, and the level of treatment is also high. Therefore, in the experiment at the "Salar" water treatment station, we found it necessary to use the pistachio water plant itself. At this wastewater treatment station, wastewater treatment reached an average of 84%, and to increase the treatment efficiency, we grew Chlorella vulgaris in the second treatment stage and found that the treatment efficiency was 90-92%. This means that the treatment of wastewater in each treatment station requires the development of biological treatment technology following it.

Study on water saving strategy of students' dormitory in Chifeng University

In order to solve the problem of waste of living water in Chifeng College Students' dormitory, the actual situation of water consumption in student dormitory was investigated. This paper analyzes the potential of water-saving and water-saving technology and strategy of Chifeng College, and finds out the water-saving mode suitable for the dormitory of Chifeng College. On this basis, the research on the application of reclaimed water treatment technology and the construction of reclaimed water treatment station in Chifeng university is carried out. This study provides theoretical and experimental support for solving the problem of water-saving in Chifeng College.

Investigation on Magnetic Field Usage for Urban Water Treatment

The aim of this work was to investigate magnetic field (MF) usage for urban water treatment. Currently, the popular method of ground water purification includes water aeration and filtration, which are expensive and energy intensive. MF is not used for drinking water treatment but mostly for boiler and cooling water at industrial water plants or in farming for plant growth. The authors decided to test it at a small water treatment station in Poland. An MF generator was placed on the pipe between raw water intake and aeration. The results proved higher efficiency in water treatment, especially in hardness, turbidity, Fe, Mn and NH4 removal.

Use of the CREAM Method for the Assessment of Operator Reliability in the Process of Backwashing Filters at a Water Treatment Station

The paper presents the application of the CREAM (Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method) method to assess operator reliability in the backwashing of filters process at the Water Treatment Station. For this purpose, two operators were surveyed. Based on the results, the human error probability was determined, which in both cases ranges from 5∙10−5 to 1∙10−2. The results also indicate that the surveyed operators have extensive work experience and high qualifications.

Restauração de uma Área de Preservação Permanente em Tangará da Serra – MT com base no Método Custo de Reposição

Brazilian law considers areas around watercourses as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) (Permanent Preservation Areas), which should be restored in case of degradation. This study aimed to present a plant recovery model based on Replacement Cost Method for an 11.7 hectares PPA, near the Water Treatment Station (WTS) of Tangará da Serra - MT. The research presents an applied nature, quantitative approach and structured script as a collection instrument, analyzed through the Replacement Cost Method (RCM), in order to estimate the recovery costs. The environmental diagnosis of the area showed the need for densified planting, at an estimated cost of R$ 24,492.00, with the greatest cost impact concentrated in implementation phase.