scholarly journals Identification of antibiotics in wastewater: current state of extraction protocol and future perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 982-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Faleye ◽  
A. A. Adegoke ◽  
K. Ramluckan ◽  
F. Bux ◽  
T. A. Stenström
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe release and occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment has generated increased attention in the past few decades. The residual antibiotic in wastewater is important in the selection for antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms and the possibility of forming toxic derivatives. This review presents an assessment of the advancement in methods for extraction of antibiotics with solid phase extraction and liquid–liquid extraction methods applied in different aquatic environmental media. These advanced methods do enhance specificity, and also exhibit high accuracy and recovery. The aim of this review is to assess the pros and cons of the methods of extraction towards identification of quinolones and sulphonamides as examples of relevant antibiotics in wastewater. The challenges associated with the improvements are also examined with a view of providing potential perspectives for better extraction and identification protocols in the near future. From the context of this review, magnetic molecular imprinted polymer is superior over the remaining extraction methods (with the availability of commercial templates and monomers), is based on less cumbersome extraction procedures, uses less solvent and has the advantage of its reusable magnetic phase.

scholarly journals Extraction and Analysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol, A Cannabis Compound in Oral Fluid

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Zhiyuan Mi ◽  
Jiangtao Su ◽  
Xiangyu You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Target

Although misuse and abuse of Cannabis is well known, the health benefits have been proved by various biomedical studies. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major active substance in leaves of Cannabis, which is the common target for drug testing. In field drug testing, oral fluid (OF) has its unique advantages over other specimens such as blood, urine, and hair. Thus the study of THC in OF is gaining popularity in Cannabis research. In this review, extraction methods are introduced in three categories, which are Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Examples of application with each method will be covered. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be compared. In addition, methods in analysis following extraction will be briefly discussed.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THREE EXTRACTION METHODS OF ALLOPURINOL IN URIC ACID HERBAL MEDICINE WITH HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY QUANTIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
RIMADANI PRATIWI ◽  
RASPATI D. MULYANINGSIH ◽  
NYI M. SAPTARINI
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Filtering Method ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Parameters Of Accuracy

Objective: This study was aimed to understand and determine the effectiveness of allopurinol extraction in herbal medicine from three extraction methods based on parameters of accuracy and precision. Methods: The study consisted of three methods including dissolving and filtering, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction with mixed-mode cation exchanger (SPE-MCX). The procedures were carried out using NaOH and HCl in dissolving and filtering method; methanol, HCl, and ethyl acetate in liquid-liquid extraction; and NH4OH elution solvent in SPE-MCX. Results: The results showed that extraction effectiveness based on accuracy level was the dissolving and filtering method>SPE-MCX>liquid-liquid extraction with % recovery+SD of 91.314+2.903%, 87.533+4.950%, and 54.549+3.517%, respectively. The precision level was the dissolution and filtering method>SPE-MCX>liquid-liquid extraction based on % relative standard deviations (RSD) of 3.18%, 5.226%, and 6.446%, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the allopurinol extraction method with the highest effectiveness based on accuracy and precision parameters in herbal medicine is the dissolving and filtering method.

“BIOANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF PROPOFOL IN K3EDTA HUMAN PLASMA BY USING LC-ESI-MS/MS”

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Dr. D.B. Joshi ◽  
Dr. R.S. Bhadauria
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Bioanalytical Method ◽  
Biological Matrix ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Method Development And Validation ◽  
Development And Validation

Bioanalytical method development is the process of creating a procedure to enable a compound of interest to be identified and quantified in a biological matrix. A compound can often be measured by several methods and the choice of analytical method involves many considerations. Analysis of drugs and their metabolites in a biological matrix is carried out using different extraction techniques like liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction (SPE) and protein precipitation from these extraction methods samples are spiked with calibration (reference) standards and using quality control (QC) samples. These methods and choice of analytical method describes the process of method development and includes sampling, sample preparation, separation, detection and evaluation of the results. The developed process is then validated. These Bioanalytical validations play a significant role in evaluation and interpretation of bioavailability, bioequivalence, pharmacokinetic, and toxicokinetic studies. In which different parameters like accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability are performed. Keywords: - LLE, SPE, Quality control samples, Bioequivalence, Bioavailability, Validation.

Efficiency evaluation of extraction methods of selected benzodiazepine derivatives from human serum and whole blood and the reactivity phenomenon in immunoassay for benzodiazepines

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Barbara Potocka-Banaś ◽  
Teresa Dembińska ◽  
Krzysztof Borowiak
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Benzodiazepine Derivatives

The aim of the study was to compare efficiency of various extraction methods of benzodiazepine derivatives: diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam. The study compared the recovery of benzodiazepines isolated from biological material (blood and human blood serum) using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. The efficiency of each extraction was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. In addition, benzodiazepines immunoassay reactivity was estimated. The following methods of extraction were used: liquid-liquid extraction (a classical liquid-liquid extraction and microextraction), solid- -phase extraction (Baker’s columns and United Chemical Technologies’ (UTC columns). The reactivity was evaluated using V-Twin System with EMIT technology by Siemens. The results showed that the lowest recovery (nitrazepam – 16%, diazepam – 23%, flunitrazepam – 28%, estazolam – 37%) was obtained using liquid-liquid microextraction of whole blood and the highest recovery was obtained in solid-phase extraction of whole blood using United Chemical Technologies’ columns (nitrazepam – 86%, diazepam – 89%, estazolam – 91%, flunitrazepam – 94%). The lowest recovery in classical liquid-liquid extraction was obtained for diazepam isolated from whole blood (36%), and the highest – for flunitrazepam isolated from serum (74%). Solid-phase extraction with Baker’s columns was successful only in case of drugs isolation from serum and the recovery range from 57% to 89% for flunitrazepam. The results indicated higher efficiency of solid-phase extraction, especially with use of columns specific for the extraction of benzodiazepines. The immunoassay analysis showed a decreased reactivity of the tested benzodiazepine derivatives on the reagent used for the EMIT assay. Comparative analysis of the recovery efficiency of selected benzodiazepine derivatives led to the conclusion that use of solid-phase extraction should be considered more often in routine toxicological analysis. The knowledge of benzodiazepine derivatives cross-reactivity in immunoassay method is essential for correct interpretation of obtained results.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Solid Phase Extraction, and Headspace Technique for Determination of Some Volatile Water-Soluble Compounds of Rose Aromatic Water

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hale Seçilmiş Canbay
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Cosmetic Industry

Steam distillation is used to isolate scent of rose flowers. Rose aromatic water is commonly used in European cuisine and aromatherapy besides its use in cosmetic industry for its lovely scent. In this study, three different sampling techniques, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), headspace technique (HS), and solid phase extraction (SPE), were compared for the analysis of volatile water-soluble compounds in commercial rose aromatic water. Some volatile water-soluble compounds of rose aromatic water were also analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). In any case, it was concluded that one of the solid phase extraction methods led to higher recoveries for 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) in the rose aromatic water than the liquid-liquid extraction and headspace technique. Liquid-liquid extraction method provided higher recovery ratios for citronellol, nerol, and geraniol than others. Ideal linear correlation coefficient values were observed by GCMS for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds (r2≥0.999). Optimized methods showed acceptable repeatability (RSDs < 5%) and excellent recovery (>95%). For compounds such as α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, methyl eugenol, and eugenol, the best recovery values were obtained with LLE and SPE.

Determination of Cotinine in Urine by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid Phase and Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1245-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Coutinho Gonçalves Martins ◽  
Patrícia Penido Maia ◽  
Vanessa Bergamin Boralli ◽  
Eduardo Costa Figueiredo ◽  
Isarita Martins
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction

scholarly journals What Do We Know about The Use of Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation Field? A Brief Overview

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1042
Author(s):  
Antonino Naro ◽  
Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Rehabilitation Outcomes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Near Future

Over the past two decades, virtual reality technology (VRT)-based rehabilitation has been increasingly examined and applied to assist patient recovery in the physical and cognitive domains. The advantages of the use of VRT in the neurorehabilitation field consist of the possibility of training an impaired function as a way to stimulate neuron reorganization (to maximize motor learning and neuroplasticity) and restoring and regaining functions and abilities by interacting with a safe and nonthreatening yet realistic virtual reality environment (VRE). Furthermore, VREs can be tailored to patient needs and provide personalized feedback on performance. VREs may also support cognitive training and increases patient motivation and enjoyment. Despite these potential advantages, there are inconclusive data about the usefulness of VRT in neurorehabilitation settings, and some issues on feasibility and safety remain to be ascertained for some neurological populations. The present brief overview aims to summarize the available literature on VRT applications in neurorehabilitation settings, along with discussing the pros and cons of VR and introducing the practical issues for research. The available studies on VRT for rehabilitation purposes over the past two decades have been mostly preliminary and feature small sample sizes. Furthermore, the studies dealing with VRT as an assessment method are more numerous than those harnessing VRT as a training method; however, the reviewed studies show the great potential of VRT in rehabilitation. A broad application of VRT is foreseeable in the near future due to the increasing availability of low-cost VR devices and the possibility of personalizing VR settings and the use of VR at home, thus actively contributing to reducing healthcare costs and improving rehabilitation outcomes.

scholarly journals Dreaming of the sleep lab

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0257738
Author(s):  
Claudia Picard-Deland ◽  
Tore Nielsen ◽  
Michelle Carr
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Local Space ◽  
Trait Factors ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Scoring

The phenomenon of dreaming about the laboratory when participating in a sleep study is common. The content of such dreams draws upon episodic memory fragments of the participant’s lab experience, generally, experimenters, electrodes, the lab setting, and experimental tasks. However, as common as such dreams are, they have rarely been given a thorough quantitative or qualitative treatment. Here we assessed 528 dreams (N = 343 participants) collected in a Montreal sleep lab to 1) evaluate state and trait factors related to such dreams, and 2) investigate the phenomenology of lab incorporations using a new scoring system. Lab incorporations occurred in over a third (35.8%) of all dreams and were especially likely to occur in REM sleep (44.2%) or from morning naps (48.4%). They tended to be related to higher depression scores, but not to sex, nightmare-proneness or anxiety. Common themes associated with lab incorporation were: Meta-dreaming, including lucid dreams and false awakenings (40.7%), Sensory incorporations (27%), Wayfinding to, from or within the lab (24.3%), Sleep as performance (19.6%), Friends/Family in the lab (15.9%) and Being an object of observation (12.2%). Finally, 31.7% of the lab incorporation dreams included relative projections into a near future (e.g., the experiment having been completed), but very few projections into the past (2.6%). Results clarify sleep stage and sleep timing factors associated with dreamed lab incorporations. Phenomenological findings further reveal both the typical and unique ways in which lab memory elements are incorporated de novo into dreaming. Identified themes point to frequent social and skillful dream scenarios that entail monitoring of one’s current state (in the lab) and projection of the self into dream environments elaborated around local space and time. The findings have implications for understanding fundamental dream formation mechanisms but also for appreciating both the advantages and methodological pitfalls of conducting laboratory-based dream collection.

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