scholarly journals Water loss in swimming pool filter backwashing processes in the Balearic Islands (Spain)

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Doménech-Sánchez ◽  
Elena Laso ◽  
Clara I. Berrocal
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Water ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Filter Backwashing ◽  
Water Amount

Abstract Swimming pools are a major contributor to water consumption in our community. However, the high water loss associated with filter cleaning is unknown. In this work, we investigate the current procedures for filter backwashing in public swimming pools by questionnaires to owners and managers. Then, we use the collected data to estimate their environmental and economic costs. Besides, we measure several parameters in the field during the process performed in four representative swimming pools. The investigation revealed that the water loss associated with filter cleaning in public swimming pools arises to 5.5 million m3 water per year, which represents an expense of 13.96 million €. Based on our results, the followed protocols were inappropriate in most cases, indicating that even the required water amount would be higher. The most suitable parameters for filter backwashing monitoring were combined chlorine, ammonium, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The necessity for specific strategies and legislation for the management of these installations, the treatment of the generated wastewater, as the implementation of different technological solutions to reduce water loss are discussed.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Blue and Grey Water in the Supply Chain of China’s Apparel Manufacturing

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Ao Liu ◽  
Aixi Han ◽  
Li Chai
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Apparel Manufacturing ◽  
Economic Output

Apparel manufacturing involves high water consumption and heavy water pollution in its supply chain, e.g., planting cotton, producing chemical fibers, and dyeing. This study employs a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model to (1) assess the life cycle of blue and grey water (chemical oxygen demand (COD) specific) of China’s apparel manufacturing; (2) reveal the hidden linkage among sectors and regions in the whole supply chain; and (3) identify the key regions and upstream sectors with the most water consumption and heaviest water pollution. We found that the agricultural sector (i.e., planting fiber crops) is responsible for primary water consumption and water pollution. In addition, different provinces assume different production roles. Guangdong is a major output province in apparel manufacturing. However, its economic output is contributed to by other regions, such as blue water from Xinjiang and Jiangsu and grey water from Hebei and Shandong. Our research reveals the significance of taking an inter-regional perspective on water resource issues throughout the supply chain in apparel manufacturing. The sustainable development of China’s apparel manufacturing relies on improving water-use efficiency and reasonable industrial layout. The results are of significance and informative for policymakers to build a water-sustainable apparel industry.

scholarly journals Energy and Water Consumption Characterization of Portuguese Indoor Swimming Pools

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno J. Cardoso ◽  
Adélio Rodrigues Gaspar ◽  
José Carlos Góis ◽  
Eugénio Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
High Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Consumption

Indoor swimming pools have high water and energy (electricity and natural gas) consumption levels due to the need to provide suitable thermal comfort conditions (temperature and relative humidity) to its occupants and to counterbalance losses (evaporation, ventilation, etc.). In Portugal, most of the swimming pool facilities belong to the municipalities and their operation represent a considerable financial burden. This work intent to characterize and benchmark the energy (electrical and thermal) and water consumption of five sport complexes with indoor swimming pools, located in two cities of the Centre of Portugal. The four most commonly performance indicators used in the literature were calculated and analyzed according to the operating time and services. Some measures are suggested to enhance the energy efficiency as well as to reduce the consumptions.

scholarly journals Swimming Pool Evaporative Water Loss and Water Use in the Balearic Islands (Spain)

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Hof ◽  
Enrique Morán-Tejeda ◽  
Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz ◽  
Macià Blázquez-Salom
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Evaporative Water

The Balearic Islands are a major Mediterranean tourist destination that features one of the greatest swimming pool densities within Europe. In this paper, standard meteorological data were combined with a diachronic swimming pool inventory to estimate water evaporation from swimming pools over the Balearic archipelago. Evaporation was estimated using an empirical equation designed for open-water surfaces. Results revealed a 32% increase in swimming pools’ water use by 2015. Evaporation from swimming pools added 9.6 L of water to touristic consumption per guest night and person, and represented 4.9% of the total urban water consumption. In 2015, almost 5 hm3 (5 billion L) were lost from pools across the Balearic Islands. In several densely urbanized areas, evaporative water loss from pools exceeded four million litres per square kilometre and year. The water needed to refill the total of 62,599 swimming pools and to counteract evaporative water loss is equivalent to 1.2 pools per year. Swimming pools have rapidly proliferated across the islands. We have expounded on this development in view of much-needed responsible water management across the islands.

Hydraulic segmentation does not protect stems from acute water loss during fire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A Hoffmann ◽  
Amanda C Rodrigues ◽  
Nicholas Uncles ◽  
Lorenzo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
High Water ◽  
Fire Plume ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Hydraulic Failure ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transport Path ◽  
Measured Water

Abstract The heat plume associated with fire has been hypothesized to cause sufficient water loss from trees to induce embolism and hydraulic failure. However, it is unclear whether the water transport path remains sufficiently intact during scorching or burning of foliage to sustain high water loss. We measured water uptake by branches of Magnolia grandiflora while exposing them to a range of fire intensities, and examined factors influencing continued water uptake after fire. Burning caused a 22-fold mean increase in water uptake, with greatest rates of water loss observed at burn intensities that caused complete consumption of leaves. Such rapid uptake is possible only with steep gradients in water potential, which would likely result in substantial cavitation of xylem and loss of conductivity in intact stems. Water uptake continued after burning was complete, and was greatest following burn intensities that killed leaves but did not consume them. This post-fire uptake was mostly driven by rehydration of the remaining tissues, rather than evaporation from the tissues. Our results indicate that the fire-plume hypothesis can be expanded to include a wide range of burning conditions experienced by plants. High rates of water loss are sustained during burning, even when leaves are killed or completely consumed.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Behavior and Mechanism of Action of Ether-Based Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers Absorption on Large Bibulous Stone Powder

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2736
Author(s):  
Zuiliang Deng ◽  
Guimin Lu ◽  
Lefeng Fu ◽  
Weishan Wang ◽  
Baicun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
High Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer

The aim of this paper is to study the adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) on coarse aggregates with a property of high water consumption (above 2%). The coarse aggregates were ground into a powder to create large bibulous stone powder, and it was observed that significant amounts of the ether-based PCE were absorbed onto large bibulous stone powder. The adsorption rate immediately reached a maximum after 5 min and then gradually decreased until an equilibrium absorption was established after 30 min. Zeta potential, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements confirmed that the polycarboxylate superplasticizer adsorbed on the surface of the stone powder. Hydrodynamic diameter measurements showed that the polycarboxylate superplasticizer molecules were smaller than pore size, and the surface area and pore volume were reduced by the polymer incorporation in the pores.

scholarly journals Baseline biogeochemical data from Australia's continental margin links seabed sediments to water column characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Radke ◽  
Tony Nicholas ◽  
Peter A. Thompson ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Eric Raes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Water ◽  
Sediment Oxygen Demand ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
Timor Sea ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Surficial marine sediments are an important source of nutrients for productivity and biodiversity, yet the biogeochemistry of these sediments is poorly known in Australia. Seabed samples were collected at >350 locations in Australia’s western, northern and eastern continental margins during Federal Government surveys (2007–14). Parameters analysed included measures of organic matter (OM) source (δ13C, δ15N and C:N ratios), concentration (percentage total organic carbon,%TOC, and surface area-normalised TOC, OC:SA) and bioavailability (chlorin indices, total reactive chlorins, total oxygen uptake, total sediment metabolism (TSM), sediment oxygen demand (SOD) and SOD and TSM normalised against TOC). The aim of the present study was to summarise these biogeochemical ‘baseline’ data and make contextualised inferences about processes that govern the observed concentrations. The OM was primarily from marine sources and the OC:SA broadly reflected water column productivity (based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS). Approximately 40% of sediments were organic poor by global standards, reflecting seawater oligotrophy; ~12% were organic rich due to benthic production, high water column productivity and pockmark formation. OM freshness varied due to pigment degradation in water columns and dilution with refractory OM in reworked sediments. δ15N values confirmed the importance of N2 fixation to Timor Sea productivity, and point to recycling of fixed nitrogen within food chains in Western Australia.

scholarly journals A SURVEY OF MAN-MADE TIDAL SWIMMING POOLS ALONG THE SOUTH AFRICAN COAST

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
D.E. Bosman ◽  
D.J.P. Scholtz
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Spring Tide ◽  
High Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
The South ◽  
Recreational Facilities ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Shark Attacks ◽  
Rocky Coast ◽  
Tidal Pools

A large number of man-made tidal swimming pools (two examples are shown in Figure 1) exist along the South African coast. They are usually situated on rocky outcrops in the close vicinity of popular sandy bathing beaches to provide protected bathing conditions in these areas mainly for children and elderly people. Some tidal pools, especially along rocky coast, provide the only safe bathing facilities. Besides affording protection against waves and surfzone currents the pools provide protection from sharks. A large number of tidal pools were built during the early 1950s along the Natal South Coast after the occurrence of a relatively large number of shark attacks on bathers on that coast. The semi-diurnal tide with a range of about 1,5 m along the South African coast makes it possible for pools to be built such that water replenishment can occur during every high-water (approximately every 12 hours) during both neap and spring tide periods. Presently, there exists a great need for more tidal pools as part of the demand for more recreational facilities along the South African coast. However, no information on design criteria could be found in the literature.

scholarly journals Water resources planning in bioethanol production from sugarcane

Memorias ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Danny Ibarra Vega Danny Ibarra Vega ◽  
Carlos Peña Rincón ◽  
Johnny Valencia Calvo ◽  
Johan Manuel Redondo ◽  
Gerard Olivar Tost
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Water Resources Planning ◽  
Resources Planning

The biofuels industry has grown and has positioned itself in Colombia for national purposes, these come from biomass sources such as agricultural crops. Bioethanol is the most used in Colombia and is obtained from sugarcane. One of the main concerns of the sector and society, is the high water consumption associated with agricultural crops (9,000 m3 / ha-year), there are currently 232,000 hectares of sugarcane for the production of sugar and bioethanol. Given the aforementioned, the need arises to carry out a planning of industrial increase of the sector taking into account as a main base the demand and availability of water resources for different activities in the Cauca river basin and the demand for sugarcane crops. In this document it is presented a mathematical model and the evaluation of different scenarios of the estimation of the trend of water consumption in the bioethanol production process in Colombia and in this way to establish scenarios of high risk of water shortage both for the population, interested parties and cane cultivation.

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