Upper Egypt: Management of High Water Consumption Crops by Intensification

2016 ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd El-Hafeez Zohry ◽  
Samiha A. H. Ouda
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
High Water ◽  
Upper Egypt

scholarly journals Life Cycle Blue and Grey Water in the Supply Chain of China’s Apparel Manufacturing

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Ao Liu ◽  
Aixi Han ◽  
Li Chai
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Apparel Manufacturing ◽  
Economic Output

Apparel manufacturing involves high water consumption and heavy water pollution in its supply chain, e.g., planting cotton, producing chemical fibers, and dyeing. This study employs a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model to (1) assess the life cycle of blue and grey water (chemical oxygen demand (COD) specific) of China’s apparel manufacturing; (2) reveal the hidden linkage among sectors and regions in the whole supply chain; and (3) identify the key regions and upstream sectors with the most water consumption and heaviest water pollution. We found that the agricultural sector (i.e., planting fiber crops) is responsible for primary water consumption and water pollution. In addition, different provinces assume different production roles. Guangdong is a major output province in apparel manufacturing. However, its economic output is contributed to by other regions, such as blue water from Xinjiang and Jiangsu and grey water from Hebei and Shandong. Our research reveals the significance of taking an inter-regional perspective on water resource issues throughout the supply chain in apparel manufacturing. The sustainable development of China’s apparel manufacturing relies on improving water-use efficiency and reasonable industrial layout. The results are of significance and informative for policymakers to build a water-sustainable apparel industry.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Behavior and Mechanism of Action of Ether-Based Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers Absorption on Large Bibulous Stone Powder

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2736
Author(s):  
Zuiliang Deng ◽  
Guimin Lu ◽  
Lefeng Fu ◽  
Weishan Wang ◽  
Baicun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
High Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Diameter ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer

The aim of this paper is to study the adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) on coarse aggregates with a property of high water consumption (above 2%). The coarse aggregates were ground into a powder to create large bibulous stone powder, and it was observed that significant amounts of the ether-based PCE were absorbed onto large bibulous stone powder. The adsorption rate immediately reached a maximum after 5 min and then gradually decreased until an equilibrium absorption was established after 30 min. Zeta potential, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements confirmed that the polycarboxylate superplasticizer adsorbed on the surface of the stone powder. Hydrodynamic diameter measurements showed that the polycarboxylate superplasticizer molecules were smaller than pore size, and the surface area and pore volume were reduced by the polymer incorporation in the pores.

scholarly journals Water resources planning in bioethanol production from sugarcane

Memorias ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Danny Ibarra Vega Danny Ibarra Vega ◽  
Carlos Peña Rincón ◽  
Johnny Valencia Calvo ◽  
Johan Manuel Redondo ◽  
Gerard Olivar Tost
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Water Resources Planning ◽  
Resources Planning

The biofuels industry has grown and has positioned itself in Colombia for national purposes, these come from biomass sources such as agricultural crops. Bioethanol is the most used in Colombia and is obtained from sugarcane. One of the main concerns of the sector and society, is the high water consumption associated with agricultural crops (9,000 m3 / ha-year), there are currently 232,000 hectares of sugarcane for the production of sugar and bioethanol. Given the aforementioned, the need arises to carry out a planning of industrial increase of the sector taking into account as a main base the demand and availability of water resources for different activities in the Cauca river basin and the demand for sugarcane crops. In this document it is presented a mathematical model and the evaluation of different scenarios of the estimation of the trend of water consumption in the bioethanol production process in Colombia and in this way to establish scenarios of high risk of water shortage both for the population, interested parties and cane cultivation.

scholarly journals Energy and Water Consumption Characterization of Portuguese Indoor Swimming Pools

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno J. Cardoso ◽  
Adélio Rodrigues Gaspar ◽  
José Carlos Góis ◽  
Eugénio Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
High Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Consumption

Indoor swimming pools have high water and energy (electricity and natural gas) consumption levels due to the need to provide suitable thermal comfort conditions (temperature and relative humidity) to its occupants and to counterbalance losses (evaporation, ventilation, etc.). In Portugal, most of the swimming pool facilities belong to the municipalities and their operation represent a considerable financial burden. This work intent to characterize and benchmark the energy (electrical and thermal) and water consumption of five sport complexes with indoor swimming pools, located in two cities of the Centre of Portugal. The four most commonly performance indicators used in the literature were calculated and analyzed according to the operating time and services. Some measures are suggested to enhance the energy efficiency as well as to reduce the consumptions.

Control of urine odor in different sanitation practices and its implication on water saving

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Hashemi ◽  
Mooyoung Han
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Urine Odor ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Sanitation Systems

To avoid odor in sanitation systems, urine is usually diluted with water (flushed), which leads to high water consumption. The smell may remain in sanitation systems if the systems are not well managed, or if the urine is flushed with insufficient amounts of water. In this study, using the standard threshold odor number (TON) measurement as an indicator of urine odor, the effects of the pH and temperature of the diluting water regarding the amount of water:urine dilution ratio were studied. The effects of temperature and pH of the diluting water on TON when the dilution ratio was constant were investigated. Results show that lowering the pH and temperature of the diluting water can reduce the minimum dilution ratio needed to achieve TON = 0. At constant dilution ratio, reducing pH seemed to be more efficient, sustainable, and economical in comparison to adjusting the temperature of the diluting water. It was found that, based on the specific pH and temperature of the diluting water, there is a minimum dilution ratio required to avoid urine odor. Therefore, in sanitation systems, the amount of flushing should be adjusted based on the characteristics of the flushing water as well as on the amount of urination.

Agricultural infrastructure: the forgotten key driving force on crop-related water footprints and virtual water flows in developing countries: a case for China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongrong Huang ◽  
La Zhuo ◽  
Pute Wu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
High Water ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Water Flows

<p>Agricultural infrastructure plays important roles in boosting food production and trade system in developing countries, while as being a ‘grey solutions’, generates increasingly risks on the environmental sustainability. There is little information on impacts of agricultural infrastructure developments on water consumption and flows, (i.e. water footprint and virtual water flows) related to crop production, consumption and trade especially in developing countries with high water risk. Here we, taking mainland China over 2000-2017 as the study case, identified and evaluated the strengths and spatial heterogeneities in main socio-economic driving factors of provincial water footprints and inter-provincial virtual water flows related to three staple crops (rice, wheat and maize). For the first time, we consider irrigation (II), electricity (EI) and road infrastructures (RI) in the driving factor analysis through the extended STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology) model. Results show that the II, EI and RI in China were expanded by 33.8 times, 4.5 times and 2.4 times, respectively by year 2017 compared to 2000. Although the II was the most critical driver to effectively reduce the per unit water footprint, especially the blue water footprint in crop production (i.e., increasing water efficiency), the developments of II led to the bigger total water consumption. Such phenomenon was observed in Jing-Jin region, North Coast and Northwest China with water resource shortage. The EI and RI had increasing effects on provincial virtual water export, and the corresponding driving strengths varied across spaces. Obviously, the visible effects from the agricultural infrastructures on regional water consumption, water productivity and virtual water patterns cannot be neglected. </p>

scholarly journals Effects of Subsurface Drip Irrigation on Water Consumption and Yields of Alfalfa under Different Water and Fertilizer Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Xuesong Cao ◽  
Yayang Feng ◽  
Heping Li ◽  
Hexiang Zheng ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
High Water ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Subsurface Drip

A field experiment was conducted for the purpose of examining the effects of different combinations of water and fertilizer applications on the water consumption and yields of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). The results showed that the jointing and branching stages were the key stages for alfalfa water requirement. The water consumption had varied greatly (from 130 to 170 mm) during the growth period of each alfalfa crop. The water consumption during the whole growth period was approximately 500 mm, and the maximum water consumption intensity was 3.64 mm·d-1. The overall changes in water consumption and yields during the growth period of the alfalfa displayed trends of first increasing and then decreasing. The sensitivities of the yields to water changes were much higher than that of fertilizer. The water use efficiency (WUE) of the alfalfa was determined to range from 1.68 to 3.20 kg·m-3, and the rate of growth had ranged from 4.85% to 51.77%. The WUE and rate of growth of the alfalfa indicated the following trend: second crop > third crop > first crop. The results of frequency analysis based on the water-nitrogen-yield regression equation are the following: irrigation amounts of 142~165 mm and nitrogen application of 61~80 kg·hm-2 have a 95% probability of obtaining a hay yield of alfalfa of more than 11903 kg·hm-2. These results suggest that SDI is a promising irrigation method, which can increase the WUE and hay yield of alfalfa under the condition of SDI within an appropriate amount of water and nitrogen fertilizer, and too low or too high water and nitrogen fertilizer will adversely affect the WUE and hay yield of alfalfa.

In-plant control applications and their effect on treatability of a textile mill wastewater

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dulkadiroglu ◽  
G. Eremektar ◽  
S. Dogruel ◽  
H. Uner ◽  
F. Germirli-Babuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
High Water ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Textile Mill ◽  
Control Applications ◽  
Control Survey ◽  
Plant Control

Water minimization and exploration of the potential for wastewater recovery and reuse are priority issues of industrial wastewater management. They are extremely significant for the textile industry commonly characterized with a high water demand. The study presents a detailed in-plant control survey for a wool finishing plant. A comprehensive process profile and wastewater characterization indicate that process water consumption can be reduced by 34%, and 23% of the wastewater volume can be recovered for reuse. Treatability of reusable wastewater fraction and the effect of in-plant control applications on effluent treatability were also investigated.

The Use of Dishwashers in Commercial Enterprises – An Initial Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Svenja Kerschgens ◽  
Britta von Esmarch-Rummler ◽  
Rainer Stamminger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
High Water ◽  
User Behaviour ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The requirements for commercial dishwashers differ fundamentally from those for domestic dishwashers. For commercial dishwashers, capacity and programme duration are the main factors. Accordingly, different designs are offered for the different types of requirement. Comprehensive data on the usage behaviour of commercial dishwashers is scarcely available. Within the framework of face-to-face interviews, 200 companies in Germany and Denmark were visited to record their user behaviour. With the help of the data obtained, not only errors in the usage behaviour were found, but also indications of unnecessarily high water and energy consumption, which, inter alia, lead to increased costs for the companies. The results show that manual pre-rinsing in particular leads to increased water consumption. Furthermore, the dishwashers are only partially loaded, which leads to more wash cycles than necessary. In order to ensure the optimal utilisation and correct user behaviour of commercial dishwashers, while simultaneously reducing the impact on the environment, there is an urgent need to educate users better on how to use them correctly.

scholarly journals Water consumption from hydropower plants – review of published estimates and an assessment of the concept

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3983-4000 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Bakken ◽  
Å. Killingtveit ◽  
K. Engeland ◽  
K. Alfredsen ◽  
A. Harby
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Power Production ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Natural Lakes ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Since the report from IPCC on renewable energy (IPCC, 2012) was published; more studies on water consumption from hydropower have become available. The newly published studies do not, however, contribute to a more consistent picture on what the "true" water consumption from hydropower plants is. The dominant calculation method is the gross evaporation from the reservoirs divided by the annual power production, which appears to be an over-simplistic calculation method that possibly produces a biased picture of the water consumption of hydropower plants. This review paper shows that the water footprint of hydropower is used synonymously with water consumption, based on gross evaporation rates. This paper also documents and discusses several methodological problems when applying this simplified approach (gross evaporation divided by annual power production) for the estimation of water consumption from hydropower projects. A number of short-comings are identified, including the lack of clarity regarding the setting of proper system boundaries in space and time. The methodology of attributing the water losses to the various uses in multi-purpose reservoirs is not developed. Furthermore, a correct and fair methodology for handling water consumption in reservoirs based on natural lakes is needed, as it appears meaningless that all the evaporation losses from a close-to-natural lake should be attributed to the hydropower production. It also appears problematic that the concept is not related to the impact the water consumption will have on the local water resources, as high water consumption values might not be problematic per se. Finally, it appears to be a paradox that a reservoir might be accorded a very high water consumption/footprint and still be the most feasible measure to improve the availability of water in a region. We argue that reservoirs are not always the problem; rather they may contribute to the solution of the problems of water scarcity. The authors consider that an improved conceptual framework is needed in order to calculate the water footprint from hydropower projects in a more reasonable way.

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