Management of Wastewater and Faecal Sludge in Southern Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi G. Snyman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Faecal Sludge

This paper deals with the trends, legislative framework and current sludge management practices in southern Africa. Recognising that a large percentage of the Southern African population is not serviced with full waterborne systems, a paper on the management of sludge in the region would not be complete without discussing the management of faecal sludge (FS) from on-site sanitation systems as well. The first half of the paper focuses on the management of wastewater sludge from waterborne sewage systems. The research papers from the region focus primarily on the impact of sludge application on land and agricultural use. The wastewater sludge disposal practices and legislative trends in South Africa are discussed in detail including an overview of the technologies that are used to stabilise, dewater and dry the wastewater sludge. The majority of plants in South Africa do not treat the sludge further than the traditional anaerobic digestion and activated sludge extended aeration. Final disposal methods are still dominated by on-site disposal methods including direct land application (dedicated land disposal) and stockpiling of the sludge on site. The second half of the paper focuses on the management of FS from on site sanitation systems. The FS, which is often contaminated with domestic waste, originating from these on-site sanitation systems requires responsible handling and disposal. The problems and challenges in FS management are highlighted as well as the recommended legislative trends.

scholarly journals First Report of Maize streak virus Field Infection of Sugarcane in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 982-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. van Antwerpen ◽  
S. A. McFarlane ◽  
G. F. Buchanan ◽  
D. N. Shepherd ◽  
D. P. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
The South ◽  
Sugarcane Cultivar ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Impact

Prior to the introduction of highly resistant sugarcane varieties, Sugarcane streak virus (SSV) caused serious sugar yield losses in southern Africa. Recently, sugarcane plants with streak symptoms have been identified across South Africa. Unlike the characteristic fine stippling and streaking of SSV, the symptoms resembled the broader, elongated chlorotic lesions commonly observed in wild grasses infected with the related Maize streak virus (MSV). Importantly, these symptoms have been reported on a newly released South African sugarcane cultivar, N44 (resistant to SSV). Following a first report from southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in February 2006, a survey in May 2007 identified numerous plants with identical symptoms in fields of cvs. N44, N27, and N36 across the entire South African sugarcane-growing region. Between 0.04 and 1.6% of the plants in infected fields had streak symptoms. Wild grass species with similar streaking symptoms were observed adjacent to one of these fields. Potted stalks collected from infected N44 plants germinated in a glasshouse exhibited streak symptoms within 10 days. Virus genomes were isolated and sequenced from a symptomatic N44 and Urochloa plantaginea plants collected from one of the surveyed fields (1). Phylogenetic analysis determined that while viruses from both plants closely resembled the South African maize-adapted MSV strain, MSV-A4 (>98.5% genome-wide sequence identity), they were only very distantly related to SSV (~65% identity; MSV-Sasri_S: EU152254; MSV-Sasri_G: EU152255). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of maize-adapted MSV variants in sugarcane. In the 1980s, “MSV strains” were serologically identified in sugarcane plants exhibiting streak symptoms in Reunion and Mauritius, but these were not genetically characterized (2,3). There have been no subsequent reports on the impact of such MSV infections on sugarcane cultivation on these islands. Also, at least five MSV strains have now been described, only one of which, MSV-A, causes significant disease in maize and it is unknown which strain was responsible for sugarcane diseases on these islands in the 1980s (2,3). MSV-A infections could have serious implications for the South African sugar industry. Besides yield losses in infected plants due to stunting and reduced photosynthesis, the virus could be considerably more difficult to control than it is in maize because sugarcane is vegetatively propagated and individual plants remain within fields for years rather than months. Moreover, there is a large MSV-A reservoir in maize and other grasses everywhere sugarcane is grown in southern Africa. References: (1) B. E. Owor et al. J Virol. Methods 140:100, 2007. (2) M. S. Pinner and P. G. Markham. J. Gen. Virol. 71:1635, 1990. (3) M. S. Pinner et al. Plant Pathol. 37:74, 1998.

Covid-19 Crisis Management Responses of Small Tourism Firms in South Africa

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Booyens ◽  
Christian M. Rogerson ◽  
Jayne M. Rogerson ◽  
Tom Baum
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Tourism Enterprises ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Impact

Although the literature on COVID-19 is expanding, particularly in relation to crisis management responses pursued by large tourism enterprises, currently few studies exist on the responses of small tourism firms and more specifically of the crisis management practices of small and microaccom modation establishments. The aim in this study is to investigate the business management responses of small tourism firms to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and restrictions in South Africa. Themes of concern are whether enterprises have been able to sustain operations and adopt certain coping mechanisms or management strategies to mitigate the pandemic’s impact. The article reports on an interview survey of small and microenterprises engaged in accommodation services (N = 75) in South Africa under lockdown restrictions as a means of assessing the responses and coping strategies during an unprecedented crisis of this core component of the country’s tourism industry. Among key findings are that small and microlodging firms that have suffered severe financial losses because of the COVID-19 shock have few viable mechanisms to cope with the impact of the crisis and that government support to aid recovery has been insufficient in South Africa. This research contributes to the limited body of international scholarship that examines how small and microaccommodation firms, a major group and contributor of many economies, are navigating the unprecedented COVID-19 environment.

Cuba's Impact in Southern Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Owen Ellison Kahn
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Complex Pattern ◽  
Political Relationships ◽  
Guerrilla Movements ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This Article Assesses the impact of the Cuban military on strategic, diplomatic and political relationships in southern Africa. It does not deal with why Cuba and its Soviet benefactor have interested themselves in the region, nor does it discuss Soviet influence on Cuban foreign policy. The aspects covered here include: (1) how Cuba and Angola fit into the complex pattern of regional relations in southern Africa; (2) an outline of the region's main territorial actors and guerrilla movements, along with a brief history of Cuban involvement in the area; (3) the response of South Africa to this foreign spoiler of its regional hegemony, (4) regional cooperation in southern Africa insofar as it is a response to South Africa's militancy in the face of international communism as represented in the region by Cuba; and (5) Cuba's effect upon the economy and polity of Angola and Mozambique.

Material flow analysis as a tool for sustainable sanitation planning in developing countries: case study of Arba Minch, Ethiopia

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1911-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Meinzinger ◽  
K. Kröger ◽  
R. Otterpohl
Keyword(s):  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Material Flow Analysis is a method that can be used to assess sanitation systems with regard to their environmental impacts. Modelling water and nutrients flows of the urban water, wastewater and waste system can highlight risks for environmental pollution and can help evaluating the potential for linking sanitation with resource recovery and agricultural production. This study presents the results of an analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus flows of Arba Minch town in South Ethiopia. The current situation is modelled and possible scenarios for upgrading the town's sanitation system are assessed. Two different scenarios for nutrient recovery are analysed. Scenario one includes co-composting municipal organic waste with faecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks as well as the use of compost in agriculture. The second scenario based on urine-diversion toilets includes application of urine as fertiliser and composting of faecal matter. In order to allow for variations in the rate of adoption, the model can simulate varying degrees of technology implementation. Thus, the impact of a step-wise or successive approach can be illustrated. The results show that significant amounts of plant nutrients can be provided by both options, co-composting and urine diversion.

scholarly journals Book reviews / Boekresensies

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Editor Editor
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Overseas Work

Brümmer, Vincent. <i>Vroom of regsinnig? Teologie in die NG Kerk</i>, 2013, Wellington: Bybel Media, ISBN: 9780864877185<br /> Conradie, Ernst M. <i>Reconciliation - A guiding vision for South Africa?</i>, 2013, Stellenbosch: Sun Press, ISBN: 9781920689087<br /> Conradie, Ernst M. <i>South African perspectives on Notions and Forms of Ecumenicity</i>, 2013, Stellenbosch: Sun Press, ISBN: 9781920689063<br /> Conradie, Ernst M & Klaasen, John. <i>The Quest for Identity in so-called Mainline Churches in South Africa</i>, 2013, Stellenbosch: Sun Press, ISNB: 9781920689223<br /> Conradie, Ernst M. <i>Saving the earth? The legacy of reformed views on “re-creation”</i>, Studies in Religion and Environment, Vol. 8, 2013, Lit Verlag GmbH & Co. KG Wien, ISBN: 9783643903044<br /> Lessing, H, Besten, J, Dedering, T, Hohmann, C and Kriel, L (eds). <i>The German Protestant Church in colonial Southern Africa: The impact of overseas work from the beginnings until the 1920s </i>, 2012, Pietermaritzburg: Cluster, ISBN: 9783447067751

Effluent irrigation—an environmental challenge for soil science

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Effluent Irrigation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Environmental Challenge

With the growth of concern for the impact of humankind on the environment, soil scientists have increasingly shifted the emphasis of their work towards the effect of agricultural and other land management practices on the environment. This shift has required some changes to the way soil science is practised. The example of land application of wastes, an increasingly popular practice, is used to illustrate the role of soil science in the complex web of scientific, social, and economic aspects of environmental issues, and the need to influence community thinking and the policy debate. The issues often most likely to be limiting to effluent irrigation are excessive nitrate leaching, poor salt management, and the effects of increasing soil sodicity on current and future land uses. The scientific challenges that these pose are discussed, together with some broader issues including those associated with implementation of effluent irrigation, and socioeconomic and environmental considerations that should influence the decision to select effluent irrigation as the means for disposal or reuse.

The Origins of African Political Consciousness in South Africa

1969 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Walshe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Political Consciousness ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Native Policy ◽  
The Impact

The origins of African political consciousness in Southern Africa can be traced back to the first half of the nineteenth century, to the impact of the Christian missions and to the development of a non-racial constitution in the Cape. As the century progressed, mission-educated Africans came to exercise a limited but real influence within Cape politics, and the Native policy of that Colony was seen to contrast favourably with those policies developing in the Boer Republics and Natal. By the turn of the century a new African élite had emerged, committed to non-racial ideals gleaned from Christianity and supported by the theory, and to some extent the practice, of Cape politics.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sustainable Land Management Practices on Household Welfare and Determinants among Smallholder Maize Farmers in South Africa

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun Samuel Oduniyi ◽  
Sibongile Sylvia Tekana
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Sustainable Land Management ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of Sustainable Land Management Practices (SLMP) on the smallholder maize farmer’s welfare in the Gert Sibande District in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. Farmers’ welfare is paramount to agricultural development and rural vitalisation, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study is to identify the factors that influence the adoption of SLMP and to assess its impact on the net farm income. A multivariate-probit (MVP) model was used to analyse the determinants of SLMP adopted and an efficient endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) was used to estimate the impact of SLMP on the net farm income of the smallholder maize farmers. The MVP results show that household socio-economic characteristics and institutional factors statistically influenced the choice of SLMP. Subsequently, the pair-wise correlation matrix of the MVP model revealed complementarities among all SLMP implemented by the farmers. Similarly, the ESRM treatment effect indicated that the average net farm income of farmers who adopted SLMP were significantly higher than that of the group who did not. Consequently, the study recommended support policies on farmers’ demography, farm-based characteristics, and institutional factors to improve the welfare of the farmers and promote rural vitalisation.

scholarly journals Southern Africa's response(s) to international HIV/AIDS norms: the politics of assimilation

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO ANTONIO VIEIRA
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Advocacy Networks ◽  
International Norm ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
International Phenomenon ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractThis article is interested in the impact of a singular international phenomenon, namely the global securitisation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, on the domestic structure of three Southern African states: Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa. These countries are geographically located in the epicenter of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, Southern Africa. However, notwithstanding their common HIV/AIDS burden, Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa present quite different political cultures and institutions which reflected upon the distinctive way they responded to the influence of international HIV/AIDS actors and norms. So, by investigating the latter's impact in these rather diverse settings, the present analysis aims to empirically demonstrate and compare variations in the effects of norm adaptation across states. To carry out this evaluation, the study provides a framework for understanding the securitisation of HIV/AIDS as an international norm defined and promoted mainly by the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the US government and transnational HIV/AIDS advocacy networks. The HIV/AIDS securitisation norm (HASN) is an intellectual attempt of the present work to synthesise in a single analytical concept myriad of ideas and international prescriptions about HIV/AIDS interventions.

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