Reaching economic leakage level through pressure management

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 756-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gonelas ◽  
V. Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
System Input ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Break Even Point

High non-revenue water (NRW) values as a percentage of system input volume form a serious problem that many water utilities worldwide have to confront nowadays. There are ways to mitigate the effect by adopting strategies with short- and long-term results. Water pressure management (PM) is one of the most efficient and effective NRW reduction strategies. To calculate pressure management of economic level of leakage (ELL), several steps have to be taken, such as full water costing, calculation of economic benefits and losses of PM interventions and definition of the related investment's break-even point. In this paper, the results of these three procedures required to define the ELL level are analyzed, in order to present the way they are linked together. The water distribution system of Kozani city (in Northern Greece) is used as the case study network. The results of both the net present values PM implementation results and the investment's break-even estimation are analyzed.

The joint effect of water price changes and pressure management, at the economic annual real losses level, on the system input volume of a water distribution system

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilis Kanakoudis ◽  
Konstantinos Gonelas
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
System Input ◽  
Real Losses ◽  
Residential Water

This study attempts to examine the factors affecting the residential water demand level in the city of Kozani in Greece. Based on an 8-year (2005–12) detailed sample of residential water demand panel data, the values of the water price (WP) elasticity of residential demand are identified, and the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors and climate conditions on water-use levels and trends are analyzed. The system's response in terms of system input volume is examined (through the simulation model developed for the network and a pressure management (PM) application) for different scenarios of increased and decreased WP levels. Various scenarios for the real losses were examined, starting from their current level (current annual real losses), down to their economic level (economic annual real losses) after implementing PM measures. The overall objective is to determine and record the overall reaction of consumers to the changing WPs as a result of the full water cost principle implemented.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Model Calibration and Performance Assessment of Pressure Managed Areas with Multiple Inlets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Bibok ◽  
Roland Fülöp
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Model Calibration ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Pressure Setting ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Pressure management is a widely adopted technique in the toolset of drinking water distribution system operators. It has multiple benefits, like reducing physical losses in pipe networks with excessive leakage, prolong the expected lifetime of the pipes and protecting home appliances from unacceptably high pressure. In some cases, even legislation compliance can be the motivation behind pressure management: It is mandatory to supply water at the customer’s connection between 1.5 and 6.0 bar in Hungary since 2011. Diaphragm pressure reducing valves are widespread in the drinking water distribution networks. Although, their sensitivity for gas pocket accumulation in the valve house makes hydraulic calibration of these pressure managed areas a challenging task for hydraulic modelers and network operators. This is especially true when more than one inlet is used to supply the same area in order to increase resilience and flow capacity.This paper investigates the hydraulic properties of pressure reduced areas with multiple inlet points. Model calibration using a single valve and minor loss was found insufficient because the additional pressure loss referenced to the pressure setting has a non-quadratic relationship with flow-rate on the discharge side under real-life circumstances. This phenomenon can be handled by using a PRV (pressure reducing valve) + GPV (general purpose valve) in series.

Detection of an Existing Local Loss in a Water Distribution System

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 2965-2968
Author(s):  
Di Xiao ◽  
Jian Wen Liang
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Local Loss ◽  
Optimal Monitoring ◽  
Critical Facilities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Monitoring Stations

Water distribution system is one of the most critical facilities in cities, and is more fragile compared with other structures. Losses in a water distribution system are often existed before health monitoring is implemented. This paper proposes to detect an existing local loss in a water distribution system on the basis of optimal monitoring of water pressure. The local loss is assumed at different positions with different extents, and pressures at monitoring stations is calculated, and the loss is then detected by minimizing the difference between the calculated and monitoring pressures at the monitoring stations. The efficiency is validated by example analysis. It is shown that an existing local loss is more reliably detected in a water distribution system with optimal monitoring.

scholarly journals Nodal Matrix Analysis for Optimal Pressure-Reducing Valve Localization in a Water Distribution System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Gupta ◽  
Neeraj Bokde ◽  
Kishore Kulat ◽  
Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Reference Pressure ◽  
Pressure Reducing Valve

The use of pressure-reducing valves is an efficient pressure management technique for leakage reduction in a water distribution system. It is recommended to place an optimized number and location of pressure-reducing valves in the water distribution system for better sustainability and management. A modified reference pressure algorithm is adopted from the literature for identifying the optimized localization of valves using a simplified algorithm. The modified reference pressure algorithm fails to identify the optimal valve localization in a large-scale water pipeline network. Nodal matrix analysis is proposed for further improvement of the modified reference pressure algorithm. The proposed algorithm provides the preferred pipeline for valve location among all the pressure-reducing valve candidate locations obtained from the modified reference algorithm in complex pipeline networks. The proposed algorithm is utilized for pressure management in a real water network located in Piracicaba, Brazil, called Campos do Conde II. It identifies four pipeline locations as optimal valve candidate locations, compared to 22 locations obtained from the modified reference pressure algorithm. Thus, the presented technique led to a better optimal localization of valves, which contributes to better network optimization, sustainability, and management. The results of the current study evidenced that the adoption of the proposed algorithm leads to an overall reduction in water leakages by 20.08% in the water network.

Non-revenue water reduction strategies: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahman M. Farouk ◽  
Rahimi A. Rahman ◽  
Noor Suraya Romali
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
And Control

PurposeSustainability involves ensuring that sufficient resources are available for current and future generations. Non-revenue water (NRW) creates a barrier to sustainability through energy and water loss. However, a comprehensive overview of NRW reduction strategies is lacking. This study reviews the existing literature to identify available strategies for reducing NRW and its components and discusses their merits.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyze different strategies for reducing NRW. The initial search identified 158 articles, with 41 of these deemed suitably relevant following further examination. Finally, 14 NRW reduction strategies were identified from the selected articles.FindingsThe identified NRW reduction strategies were grouped into strategies for reducing (1) apparent losses (AL), (2) real losses (RL) and (3) water losses, with the latter involving the combination of AL and RL. The strategies adopted most frequently are “prevent water leakage” and “control water pressure.” In addition, water distribution network (WDN) rehabilitation has additional benefits over other RL reduction strategies, including saving water and energy, increasing hydraulic performance and enhancing reliability. Finally, utilizing decision support systems is the only strategy capable of reducing multiple NRW categories.Originality/valueThis review provides insights into the overall NRW problem and the strategies best equipped to address it. Authorities can use these findings to develop case-specific NRW reduction action plans that save water and energy, while providing other economic benefits. In addition, NRW reduction can improve WDN reliability.

scholarly journals Sistem Monitoring Tekanan Air pada PDAM Gianyar Berbasis Web

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-312
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Sumartini Saraswati ◽  
I Wayan Agustya Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Master Data ◽  
Distribution Process ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Monitoring Report

Regional Water Company (PDAM) Gianyar Regency is one of the regionally owned companies in Gianyar Regency. Gianyar PDAM is responsible for the availability of clean water for consumers in the Gianyar region and its surroundings. In a water distribution system, the PDAM monitors water pressure in the pipeline so that water is guaranteed to flow to the customer. During this time the system of recording water pressure on the manometer installed in each particular zone is done manually using report paper. The difficulty caused is the slow monitoring of water pressure reported by the recording officer to the distribution officer, so that the water distribution process becomes stagnant which ultimately harms the customers and the PDAM itself. This study aims to create a system that can record water pressure which makes it easier for the distribution head to get information quickly. With the research phase which includes data collection techniques, system analysis, and system design to maximize research and implement systems and tests on each system, it can be concluded that the system that has been made can run well and as expected. The functional features generated in this study are the dashboard graph of the average water pressure per month, processing master employee data, processing village master data, processing master manometer data, processing schedule data, manometer monitoring by officers, manometer monitoring by admin and manometer monitoring report .

scholarly journals Optimal energy recovery by means of pumps as turbines (PATs) for improved WDS management

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Tricarico ◽  
Mark S. Morley ◽  
Rudy Gargano ◽  
Zoran Kapelan ◽  
Dragan Savić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Uncertain Variables ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Future Demands

Abstract In water networks characterized by a significant variation in ground elevations the necessity of pumping water in some areas is complicated by a conflicting requirement to reduce excess pressures in other areas. This and the increasing cost of electricity has led to the use of Pumps-operating-As-Turbines (PATs) devices that can reduce pressure (and leakage) whilst harvesting energy. This paper presents a methodology for optimal water distribution system (WDS) management, driving the optimization by minimizing the surplus pressure at network nodes and the operational pumping costs and maximizing the income generated through energy recovery. The method is based on a highly parallelized Evolutionary Algorithm, employing an hydraulic solver to evaluate hydraulic constraints. Water demands at network nodes are considered as uncertain variables modelled by using a probabilistic approach in order to take into account unknown future demands. The approach is demonstrated in different case studies. Results obtained highlight that the economic benefits of installing PATs for energy recovery in conjunction with a combined pump-scheduling and pressure management regime is especially related to the input network characteristics. Further analysis of the importance of the probabilistic approach and of the influence of the interval time step adopted for the optimization has been evaluated.

scholarly journals The Response Property of Inverted Siphon in Long Distance Water Distribution System

2018 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 01041
Author(s):  
Zhonghao Mao ◽  
Guanghua Guan ◽  
Zhonghua Yang ◽  
Ke Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
High Water ◽  
Response Property ◽  
Response Model ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Inverted Siphon

In order to design controllers for canals with inverted siphon especially for very long siphon, it is necessary to learn its response property. Compared to open canals, the water movement in inverted siphon is very different due to the fast travelling speed of wave and high water pressure. It is impossible to use openchannel model describe invert siphon section, and the delay caused by the siphon haven’t been discussed in existing literature. This paper proposes a response model of inverted siphon which contains a delay and an integrator in low frequencies, a constant gain in high frequencies. By comparing the response model to the results of simulation, this paper shows the response model is a good approximation. This paper studies a water distribution project consists of two canals and one inverted siphon. The result shows that the water level change at downstream end is significantly smaller than water change at upstream end. By applying response model of inverted siphon, this paper shows it is due to the delay of flow rate change from upstream end to downstream end.

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