scholarly journals Water safety planning for small water supply systems: the framework and control measures

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1524-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace O. Oluwasanya ◽  
Richard C. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Safety Planning ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Small Systems ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract A water safety plan (WSP) is a preventive comprehensive risk assessment and management approach to ensuring the safety of a drinking water supply from source to tap for public health protection. The concept was introduced in the last decade in international guidance documents and has been applied widely across a varied range of water supply systems, particularly, the public water utilities and to a lesser extent towards small systems. Mainstreaming water safety intervention for small systems however, would ensure safe household water to a wider population, alleviate poverty and hunger through water for use in support of livelihood activities, and help towards achieving the sustainable development goals. Self-supply hand-dug wells in Abeokuta, Nigeria, were assessed using the step-by-step World Health Organization WSP model, mainly from the relevant system assessment to operational monitoring and management procedures. This paper reviewed the methodology of water safety planning and flagged the issue of ‘who’ conducts WSP for small systems. The paper also evaluated major control measures critical to self-supply and suggested an apt WS planning model for the systems. The WSP framework for self-supply systems incorporated an institutional aspect for WSP coordination.

scholarly journals Guidelines for Drinking Water Safety Planning for West Bengal

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Safety Planning ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Supply Systems

Water safety planning is considered an international best practice for assessing and managing public health risks from drinking water supply systems. Under the West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project and in close collaboration with the World Health Organization, the Asian Development Bank assisted in developing these water safety planning guidelines for the state of West Bengal. This document offers practical guidance for taking a water safety planning approach to bulk water supply systems, particularly in developing and implementing the stages of rural drinking water delivery service schemes in India and elsewhere.

scholarly journals Large waterborne Campylobacter outbreak: use of multiple approaches to investigate contamination of the drinking water supply system, Norway, June 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Hyllestad ◽  
Arild Iversen ◽  
Emily MacDonald ◽  
Ettore Amato ◽  
Bengt Åge Sørby Borge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Drinking Water Supply System

On 6 June 2019, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health was notified of more than 50 cases of gastroenteritis in Askøy. A reservoir in a water supply system was suspected as the source of the outbreak because of the acute onset and geographical distribution of cases. We investigated the outbreak to confirm the source, extent of the outbreak and effect of control measures. A case was defined as a person in a household served by Water Supply System A (WSS-A) who had gastroenteritis for more than 24 h between 1 and 19 June 2019. We conducted pilot interviews, a telephone survey and an SMS-based cohort study of residents served by WSS-A. System information of WSS-A was collected. Whole genome sequencing on human and environmental isolates was performed. Among 6,108 individuals, 1,573 fulfilled the case definition. Residents served by the reservoir had a 4.6× higher risk of illness than others. Campylobacter jejuni isolated from cases (n = 24) and water samples (n = 4) had identical core genome MLST profiles. Contamination through cracks in the reservoir most probably occurred during heavy rainfall. Water supply systems are susceptible to contamination, particularly to certain weather conditions. This highlights the importance of water safety planning and risk-based surveillance to mitigate risks.

Water safety planning: adapting the existing approach to community-managed systems in rural Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dani Barrington ◽  
Kathryn Fuller ◽  
Andrew McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Community Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rural Nepal

Water Safety Plans (WSPs) improve the quality and secure the quantity of drinking water supplies, and hence improve public health outcomes. In developing countries such as Nepal, thousands of residents die each year as a result of poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and WSPs show great promise for improving both health and livelihoods. The Nepali Non-Governmental Organisation Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) has been working in partnership with Engineers Without Borders Australia and WaterAid Nepal to develop a WSP methodology suited to rural, community-managed water supply systems. Three pilot projects were undertaken incorporating community-based hazard management into the standard World Health Organization and Nepali Department of Water Supply and Sewerage WSP approaches. The successes and challenges of these pilots were assessed, and it was determined that community education, behaviour change, and the distribution of simplified WSP documentation to households and managers were essential to implementing successful WSPs within this context. This new WSP methodology is currently being mainstreamed throughout all of NEWAH's WASH projects in rural Nepal, as well as being shared with the wider Nepali WASH sector.

scholarly journals Risk assessment and water safety plan: case study in Beijing, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 510-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bixiong Ye ◽  
Yuansheng Chen ◽  
Yonghua Li ◽  
Hairong Li ◽  
Linsheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Beijing China

Two typical rural water utilities in Beijing, China were chosen to describe the principles and applications of water safety plans (WSP), to provide a methodological guide for the actual application and improve the quality of rural drinking water quality, and to establish an appropriate method for WSP applied in rural water supply. Hazards and hazardous events were identified and risk assessment was conducted for rural water supply systems. A total of 13 and 12 operational limits were defined for two utilities, respectively. The main risk factors that affect the water safety were identified in water sources, water processes, water disinfection systems and water utility management. The main control measures were strengthening the water source protection, monitoring the water treatment processes, establishing emergency mechanisms, improving chemical input and operating system management. WSP can be feasibly applied to the management of a rural water supply.

Identification, assessment, and control of hazards in water supply: experiences from Water Safety Plan implementations in Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1307-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-J. Mälzer ◽  
N. Staben ◽  
A. Hein ◽  
W. Merkel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plan ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for Water Safety Plans (WSP), a Technical Risk Management was developed, which considers standard demands in drinking water treatment in Germany. It was already implemented at several drinking water treatment plants of different size and treatment processes in Germany. Hazards affecting water quality, continuity, and the reliability of supply from catchment to treatment and distribution could be identified by a systematic approach, and suitable control measures were defined. Experiences are presented by detailed examples covering methods, practical consequences, and further outcomes. The method and the benefits for the water suppliers are discussed and an outlook on the future role of WSPs in German water supply is given.

scholarly journals Failure Experience Improvement System (FEIS) for water supply systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 646-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Lukas ◽  
Ernest Mayr ◽  
Max Ruhri ◽  
Harald Katzmair ◽  
Reinhard Perfler
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Probability Of Failure ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Graphical Visualization ◽  
Infrastructure Failure ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Failure Experience

The Failure Experience Improvement System (FEIS) is a software tool that was developed in order to contribute to a minimization of hazardous events and failures within water supply systems and thus to achieve increased water safety. Based on the analysis of failure systems by applying Social Network Analysis (SNA) to the water supply infrastructure, the FEIS enables water utilities to identify causes and effects of failure events and to locate vulnerable points in their infrastructure. Failure events and the relations between them are the basis for the FEIS database. This database draws upon information on failure events which have occurred in practice at water utilities in Austria and on a literature review and survey of guidelines. The FEIS, which is accessed online, is currently used by six Austrian water utilities for development and test purposes. It provides both graphical visualization of the failure network and analytical indicators to evaluate failure events. In this way, it supports the utilities in identifying corrective actions in order to minimize the probability of failure occurrence and to limit the damage to the system once a failure has occurred.

scholarly journals Legionella spp. Colonization in Water Systems of Hotels Linked with Travel-Associated Legionnaires’ Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Papadakis ◽  
Maria Keramarou ◽  
Dimosthenis Chochlakis ◽  
Vassilios Sandalakis ◽  
Varvara Mouchtouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
Supply Systems

Hotel water systems colonized with Legionella spp. have been the source of travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease and cases, clusters or outbreaks continue to be reported worldwide each year. A total of 132 hotels linked with travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease, as reported through the European Legionnaires’ Disease Surveillance Network, were inspected and tested for Legionella spp. during 2000–2019 by the public health authorities of the island of Crete (Greece). A total of 3,311 samples were collected: 1,885 (56.93%) from cold water supply systems, 1,387 (41.89%) from hot water supply systems, 37 (1.12%) were swab samples and two (0.06%) were soil. Of those, 685 (20.69%), were collected from 83 (62.89%) hotels, testing positive (≥ 50CFU/L) for Legionella pneumophila) serogroups 1-10, 12-14 and non-pneumophila species (L. anisa, L. erythra, L. tusconensis, L. taurinensis, L. birminghamensis, L. rubrilucens, L. londiniesis, L. oakridgensis, L. santicrusis, L. brunensis, L. maceacherii). The most frequently isolated L. pneumophila serogroups were 1 (27.92%) and 3 (17.08%). Significantly higher isolation rates were obtained from hot water supply systems (25.96%) versus cold water systems (16.98%) and swab samples (13.51%). A Relative Risk (R.R.) > 1 (p < 0.0001) was calculated for hot water temperature <55 °C (R.R.: 4.43), chlorine concentrations <0.2 mg/L (R.R.: 2.69), star rating <4 (R.R.: 1.73) and absence of Water Safety Plan implementation (R.R.: 1.57).

Water Safety Plans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Setty ◽  
Giuliana Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plans

Water safety plans (WSPs) represent a holistic risk assessment and management approach covering all steps in the water supply process from the catchment to the consumer. Since 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) has formally recommended WSPs as a public health intervention to consistently ensure the safety of drinking water. These risk management programs apply to all water supplies in all countries, including small community supplies and large urban systems in both developed and developing settings. As of 2017, more than 90 countries had adopted various permutations of WSPs at different scales, ranging from limited-scale voluntary pilot programs to nationwide implementation mandated by legislative requirements. Tools to support WSP implementation include primary and supplemental manuals in multiple languages, training resources, assessment tools, and some country-specific guidelines and case studies. Systems employing the WSP approach seek to incrementally improve water quality and security by reducing risks and increasing resilience over time. To maintain WSP effectiveness, water supply managers periodically update WSPs to integrate knowledge about prior, existing, and potential future risks. Effectively implemented WSPs may translate to positive health and other impacts. Impact evaluation has centered on a logic model developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as WHO-refined indicators that compare water system performance to pre-WSP baseline conditions. Potential benefits of WSPs include improved cost efficiency, water quality, water conservation, regulatory compliance, operational performance, and disease reduction. Available research shows outcomes vary depending on site-specific context, and challenges remain in using WSPs to achieve lasting improvements in water safety. Future directions for WSP development include strengthening and sustaining capacity-building to achieve consistent application and quality, refining evaluation indicators to better reveal linked outcomes (including economic impacts), and incorporating social equity and climate change readiness.

scholarly journals Evaluation of standardized scored inspections for Legionnaires' disease prevention, during the Athens 2004 Olympics

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 1074-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. HADJICHRISTODOULOU ◽  
G. GOUTZIANA ◽  
V. MOUCHTOURI ◽  
Ch. KAPOULA ◽  
A. KONSTANTINIDIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Microbiological Test ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Supply Systems

The study was designed to determine the contribution of standardized scored inspections implemented during the Athens 2004 Pre-Olympic and Olympic period, in assessing the presence of Legionella spp. in water sites. Inspection grading scores of 477 water supply systems, 127 cooling towers and 134 decorative fountains were associated with the corresponding microbiological test results of 2514 samples for Legionella spp. Nine violations of water supply systems and nine of cooling towers significantly associated with positive microbiological test results, and four violations of water supply systems and one of cooling towers were among those designated as ‘critical’ water safety hazards in the inspection reports. The study documents a strong correlation [water supply systems (RR 1·92), cooling towers (RR 1·94)] between unsatisfactory inspection scoring results and Legionella-positive microbiological test results (in excess of 10000 c.f.u./l) and suggests the utility of inspection scoring systems in predicting Legionella proliferation of water systems and in preventing Legionnaires' disease.

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