Higher frequency of administration of biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH decreases parasitemia and increases survival in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

Introduction: The study of the effect of different ways of treatment using highly diluted substances is rare in the literature. Some authors consider the dose irrelevant, justifying that the action of the medication highly diluted is qualitative [1-3]. Others emphasize the importance of quantity and frequency of administration of the highly diluted substance for a successful treatment [4,5]. The model of murine infection by T. cruzi is widely studied and it is an excellent tool to study the effect of highly diluted substances. Aim: To evaluate, in vivo, the effect of different amounts and frequency of administration of the biotherapic 17 dH T. cruzi in the evolution of the parasitemia curve and survival of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Materials and methods: A blind randomised controlled trial was performed, using 30 swiss male mice, aged 28 days, divided into groups according to treatment: CONTROL - mice treated with 7% water-alcohol solution diluted in water given ad libitum in an amber bottle; GAVAGE – mice treated with medication highly diluted 17 DH T. cruzi from 4 th to 9 th day of infection by gavage; WATER - mice treated with highly diluted medication 17 DH T. cruzi in water ad libitum offered in an amber bottle until the end of the study period. The groups were infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi, intraperitoneal, 1400 blood trypomastigotes. The medicines was handled according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [6] with microbiological test according to RDC n°. 67 and in vivo biological risk. Parasitemic curve was determined by daily counting of the parasites [7], the total parasitemia, peak parasites and survival. Data were compared using the BioEstat 5.0, ANOVA, with significance of 5%. The experiment was approved under the protocol n° 030/2008 - Ethics in Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Results: Animals treated with the medication highly diluted in water had lower level of total parasitemia and a lower peak of parasites compared to animals treated by gavage, or control group of infection (p = 0.0103 p = 0.0008). In the group treated by gavage both the total parasitemia and the peak of parasites were higher than the control group. Survival was greater in animals treated with biotherapic diluted with water (p = 0.0003) and by gavage (p = 0.0016) when compared with the control group. Among the different ways of treatment the use of medication diluted in water increased the survival of animals (p = 0.0013). The treatment by gavage once a day until the 9th day of infection increase the parasitemia and survival. The medication diluted in water showed better results with significant reduction of parasitemia and an increase of survival. This result may be related to the frequency with which the medication diluted in water was ingested by each animal, and the lower stress that this form of administration provides the animals. Figure 1: Parasitemic curve of animals infected with Y strain of T. cruzi and treated with medication highly diluted 17DH T. cruzi. CONTROL: mice treated with alcohol 7%; GAVAGE: treated with medication highly diluted 17DH T. cruzi by gavage; WATER: treated with medication highly diluted 17dH T. cruzi in water. Conclusion: There is a difference in the effect of the medication highly diluted depending on the way of treatment used. For mice, the use of drug diluted in water offered frequently, results in better benefits. The clinical use of these results in humans, should consider the allometric system medication dosage which takes into account the metabolic rate of each organism.

Biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH when continuously used clinically improves mice infected with T. cruzi.

Introduction: In Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the pathogenesis is the result of a rupture in the host - parasite relationship [1]. This rupture is related to the imbalance of the vital force of the host, expressed through signs and symptoms, defined by Hahnemann (1995)[2] as being the source of the disease. There is no research in the literature about the clinical evolution of mice experimentally infected with T. cruzi and treated in different ways using biotherapic. Therefore, this is an area to be studied in the future. Aim: To evaluate the effect of different ways of treatment using biotherapic T. cruzi 17 DH on clinical evolution of mice experimentally infected with T. cruzi. Materials and methods: A blind randomized controlled trial was performed, using 30 swiss male mice, aged 28 days, divided into groups according to the treatment: CONTROL - animals treated with 7% water-alcohol solution diluted in water given ad libitum in an amber bottle; GAVAGE – animals treated with medication highly diluted T. cruzi 17 DH from 4th to 9th day of infection by gavage; WATER -animals treated with highly diluted T. cruzi 17 DH in water ad libitum offered in an amber bottle until the end of the study period. The groups were infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi, intraperitoneal, 1400 blood trypomastigotes. The medicine was handled according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia [3] with microbiological test according to RDC n° 67 and in vivo biological risk. Parasitemic curve was determined by daily counting of the parasites [4]. Were measured temperature, weight, intake of water and feed, the ruffle fur and survival of mice. Statistical analysis was performed using the tests Fisher Exact and Log-Rank, with a significance of 5%. The experiment was approved under the protocol n° 030/2008 - Ethics in Animal Experimentation of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Results: The mice under different treatment ways using biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH showed differences in the clinical evolution. The treatment using biotherapic diluted in water initially shows hypothermia, with subsequent recovery of normal temperature (p=0.05) (Fig1). The weight curve shows a better evolution in mice treated with water compared to control groups (p=0.055) and the groups treated by gavage (p=0.0064). Feed and water intake did not differ among the groups. While the mice that were treated with biotherapic diluted in water showed a slight level of ruffled fur, the mice in control groups and the ones treated by gavage showed a more intense level of ruffled fur (p=0.00001). The difference in the evolution of mortality among the groups was significant (p=0.034), while in the group treated with biotherapic diluted with water, the mortality rate started later, reaching the maximum of 90%. This group showed a better clinical result, expressed by the smaller extent of ruffled fur, a better evolution of the temperature curve and higher gain of weight. This is an important result because the Y strain of T. cruzi has a mortality rate of 100% in mice, showing once again the good performance of biotherapic in this model of infection. Conclusion: The use of biotherapic T. cruzi 17DH for a long period causes clinical improvement of the infected mice with Trypanosoma cruzi. The clinical use of these results in human beings should consider the allometric medicine dosage which takes into account the metabolic rate of each organism.

Zincum metallicum 5cH increases survival and improves clinical mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

The Multicenter International Project suggests Zincum Mettalicum high diluted as object of study in different experimental models. Aim: evaluate the effect of substance high diluted Zincum metallicum in murine experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Metodology: was performed a blind, controlled, randomized, using 60 swiss male mice, 56 days old, divided into groups: CNI - uninfected and untreated animals; CI - infected and untreated animals; infected and treated animals: ZN5cHTA - Zinc 5ch and LAC5cHTA - Lactose 5ch , 48 hours before and after infection, subsequently were treated 56/56 hours until 9th day of infection; ZN5cHTTD - Zinc 5Ch and LAC5cHTTD - Lactose 5cH, everyday from the 4th of infection. Animals were inoculated with 1.400 blood trypomastigotes, strain Y-T. cruzi, intraperitoneally. Medicines were handled, prepared in grain alcohol 70%, and dynamized up to 100 times until 4cH. To obtain the 5cH it was used bi-distilled sterilized water filtered in membrane - 0.22 µm [1], on separate days (first Lactose and then Zinc) and stored in different rooms. Microbiological test in vivo and toxicity were made in accordance with current legislation [2].Test solutions were diluted in water at a concentration of 10% (1mL/100mL) after dilution in water. Clinical (temperature, weight, water/foodintake and excreta)[3] and parasitological parameters (pre-patent and patent period, peak parasitemia, and parasitemia overall survival time)[4] were assessed daily. Data were compared BioEstat 5.0, significance level of 5%. Project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use in Experimentation of the Universidade Estadual de Maringa by opinion number 025/2014. Results: ZN5cHTA group had a higher survival rate than their control LAC5cHTA (p=0.004). ZN5cHTA shows 55.7% probability of surviving to the 15th day after infection, while LAC5cHTA 29.4%. ZN5cHTA also provides significantly better performance (p= 0.0206) compared to CI, contrary to what occurs with LAC5cHTA x CI (p=0.7410). There is no significant difference in survival between the different treatments schemes TA and TTD, either with ZN5cH (p=0.0754) or LAC5cHTA (p=0.9480), although the best ZN5cHTA present trend toward benefit. Considering parasitological parameters ZN5cHTA group had higher pre-patent period (PPP) meaning benefit to infected animals [5]. Although ZN5cHTA shows greater number of parasites from 6th to 11th day of infection and right shift of parasitemia peak in relation to LAC5cHTA (p=0.020), this group displayed a better performance compared to the other groups as observed in other models [6]. Conclusion: ZN5cHTA group had higher survival, greater pre-patent period and better clinical outcome compared to control LAC5cHTA and to other groups. This result may be related to higher total parasitemia and alterations in the parasite cycle time observed in this group. These findings suggest aggravation with posterior benefit as reported in some cases of homeopathic treatment.

Comparative Evaluation of Effectiveness of Denture Adhesive after Incorporating Antifungal Agent – An In-vitro Study

Aims: The aim of current study is to evaluate adhesive force and qualitative mycological culture analysis of Denture adhesive (DA) after incorporating antifungal agent in various concentrations. Study Design: Experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The current study was conducted at the Department of Prosthodontics, Mansarovar Dental College and Hospital, Bhopal (M. P.) from September 2017 to October 2018. Methodology: A total of 80 specimens were prepared with heat cured acrylic resin, out of which 40 were used for qualitative anti-microbiological test, and 40 were used for Adhesive force measurement test. Both test had four groups: Group A (Control group DA without MN); Group B (DA+MN 10%); Group C (DA+MN 20%); and Group D (DA+MN 30%). Results: The mean zone of inhibition was 8.85 ± 0.28 mm for 10% w/w Miconazole Nitrate (MN), 12.95±0.30 mm for 20% w/w MN, and 22.25 ± 0.38 mm for 30% w/w MN. There was a statistically highly significant (P< .001) difference between the groups, with an F value of 1077.8. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study qualitative anti-microbial property for favorable laboratory performance can be achieved only after the addition of 20% w/w Miconazole Nitrate to denture adhesive paste.

Evaluation of the bioactive compounds of Vernonia amygdalina Delile extracts and their antibacterial potentials on water-related bacteria

Background This study focused on the evaluation of the bioactive compounds of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extracts and their antibacterial potential on some water-related bacterial isolates. The bacterial isolates were confirmed using standard microbiological test. The leaves of V. amygdalina were subjected to extraction using the Maceration method with water and ethanol as the extraction solvents. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) was carried out on extracts. Antibacterial susceptibility test of V. amygdalina extracts on isolates was carried out. Results Aqueous extract of V. amygdalina had a higher percentage yield (11.89%) than the ethanol extract (5.37%). The GC–MS carried out revealed the presence of butanoic acid, squalene, palmitaldehyde, octadecanoic acid, Z-hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, oxirane, tetradecyl, 3- methyl-2-phenylindole, n-heneicosane, phytol, methyl-2-O-benzyl-d-arabinofuranoside, cholest-5-en-3-ol acetate; with hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester and 1,1-diethoxy-3methylbutane having the highest percentage composition of 24.37% and 13.42% in aqueous and ethanol extract, respectively, aqueous extract highly inhibited Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 10.333 ± 0.882 and 36.667 ± 0.882 for 25 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml, respectively, while the ethanol extracts inhibited most of the isolates with an inhibition range of 7.000 ± 1.155 to 30.333 ± 0.882. The minimum inhibitory concentration for both extracts on the isolates varies from 25 to 50 mg/ml. Conclusions The ethanol extract of V. amygdalina had a higher inhibitory activity on the bacterial isolates than water. These findings indicate the potential of ethanol extract of V. amygdalina leaf in the treatment of water borne infections.

Low frequency of community-acquired bacterial co-infection in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 based on clinical, radiological and microbiological criteria: a retrospective cohort study

Background We defined the frequency of respiratory community-acquired bacterial co-infection in patients with COVID-19, i.e. patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR or a COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) score ≥ 4, based on a complete clinical assessment, including prior antibiotic use, clinical characteristics, inflammatory markers, chest computed tomography (CT) results and microbiological test results. Methods Our retrospective study was conducted within a cohort of prospectively included patients admitted for COVID-19 in our tertiary medical centres between 1-3-2020 and 1-6-2020. A multidisciplinary study team developed a diagnostic protocol to retrospectively categorize patients as unlikely, possible or probable bacterial co-infection based on clinical, radiological and microbiological parameters in the first 72 h of admission. Within the three categories, we summarized patient characteristics and antibiotic consumption. Results Among 281 included COVID-19 patients, bacterial co-infection was classified as unlikely in 233 patients (82.9%), possible in 35 patients (12.4%) and probable in 3 patients (1.1%). Ten patients (3.6%) could not be classified due to inconclusive data. Within 72 h of hospital admission, 81% of the total study population and 78% of patients classified as unlikely bacterial co-infection received antibiotics. Conclusions COVID-19 patients are unlikely to have a respiratory community-acquired bacterial co-infection. This study underpins recommendations for restrictive use of antibacterial drugs in patients with COVID-19.

General principles of uncomplicated cystitis therapy during pregnancy

Urinary tract infections during pregnancy are associated with severe complications. Earlier initiation of antibiotic treatment for acute uncomplicated cystitis, reduces the various complications.Objective. To assess the effectiveness of fosfomycin in the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis during II and III trimester of pregnancy.Material and methods. The study included 74 pregnant women who had acute uncomplicated cystitis in II or III trimesters. All patients received fosfomycin trometamol 3.754 g (equivalent to 3 g fosfomycin) as antimicrobial therapy for acute uncomplicated cystitis. The drug was prescribed to 24 pregnant women in the II, and 50 in the III trimester of pregnancy.Results. After treatment with fosfomycin signs of acute cystitis gone in all patients. At the same time, regression of clinical symptoms was noted during the next days after therapy in 95.9% (n = 71) of cases. Repeated microbiological test of the middle portion of urine was performed 7 days after the end of antibiotic therapy. In 94.6% (n = 70) cases, total elimination of the pathogen was achieved. In 5.4% (n = 4) cases, there was a significant decrease of colonization Follow-up for three months showed the absence of recurrence of acute cystitis in all pregnant women who were included in the study.Conclusion. Fosfomycin is a highly effective drug in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis during pregnancy.

Investigation of (Coliform) bacteria and physicochemical Compositions among Different Drinking Water Places in Kifry City

During present study, 30 samples of drinking water from five different sources of drilled well from Kifry city have been collected and investigated for the levels of their physiochemical and Microbiological Coliform. Chemical tests were performed include tests of some soluble inorganic ions, such as chloride (Cl1-) and calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+) sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+). While the conductivity, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), and turbidity tests belong to the physical tests. The results of chemical and physical test demonstrate the water of drilled wells in study area is possible for drinking according to Iraqi standard limits for drinking water. While their microbiological (coliform) properties have been investigate, the microbiological test includes test (MaCconkey Broth) methodology to coliform for any different drinking water. As well as the international organization World Health Organization (WHO) ranges for qualities of drinking water were used for results comparisons, but the (drilled well) water in Imam Mohamed area isn’t suitable for drinking water, according to the (WHO) ranges for drinking water.