scholarly journals Water quota system in China: problems and countermeasures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyang Zhao ◽  
Hongrui Wang ◽  
Shuxin Gong ◽  
Cheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Data Validity

Abstract Water resources are the foundation of economic development, social progress and ecological security, and water shortage is the primary problem facing China. Water quotas have great practical significance for the resolution of water shortages to achieve sustainable use of water resources and sustainable development of the national economy. In this study, to analyse the problems and countermeasures of the water quota system in China, the water quota system progress domestically and abroad, the water quotas problem in China, and the countermeasures for the water quota problem are summarized. The data validity test, spatial correlation test and consistency test are used to test the rationality of water use quota. And the specific countermeasures are presented: improving the water quota system, defining its concept, and revising its scheme, etc. This study provides the support to standardize water quotas and implement the effective water conservation policies of China.

Perspective of Water Resources in Japan and in the World

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Tamon Ishibashi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
The World

Recently, problems of water shortage are becoming global in both developed and developing countries. This is due to tremendous population increases and also urbanization and industrialization. In this paper, countermeasures for future water shortages are described.

Water Conservation in Schools

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga María Bermúdez ◽  
Marcela Lombana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The Individual

Water is indispensable to life because all the functions of living beings rely on its presence: breathing, nutrition, circulation, and reproduction. Water forms part of all living bodies, both animal and vegetable. It is a natural resource necessary for human life. This natural resource has been threatened by climate change and its scarcity has been reported in many locations worldwide. According to the FAO, in 2014 almost 50 countries were faced with water shortages: Africa is the continent with the highest percentage of water stress (41%), while Asia has the highest percentage of countries with total water shortage (25%). Confronted with this critical problem, it is necessary that people of all ages, races, and cultures become aware of the value that water represents and take action in both the individual and collective spheres. To ensure that the next generation understands water’s properties and functions, and learns to value and take care of it, this action should start in schools, which play a fundamental role in the education of children and young people.

scholarly journals Evaluation of water demand and supply in the south of Iraq

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. O. Al-Furaiji ◽  
U. F. A. Karim ◽  
D. C. M. Augustijn ◽  
B. I. H. Waisi ◽  
S. J. M. H. Hulscher
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Water Demand And Supply ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
Total Water Demand ◽  
Southern Iraq

This paper presents results from the first study that focuses on water resources availability and demand for different purposes in the four oil-rich provinces of southern Iraq. The region accounts for 23% of the surface area and 18% of the country's population, but holds 88% of its oil. A water shortage of 430 Mm3/year for 2010 is estimated for this region where irrigation accounts for 81% of the total water demand. Dhi Qar is the largest agricultural producer and water consumer while Al Basrah and Al Muthanna have the largest water shortages among the four provinces. The interrelationship of energy–water production and utilization is discussed and the annual water balance for irrigation, industrial, domestic and livestock usage in the different provinces determined. On this basis recommendations are made for treating and utilizing the steadily increasing amounts of water produced from the oilfields to supplement the other sustainable water resources in that region.

The need for micro-scale and meso-scale hydrological research in the Himalayan mountains

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C.S. Negi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Engineering Measures ◽  
Meso Scale ◽  
Soil And Water

Mountains are fragile ecosystems and globally important as water towers of the earth. Sustainable use of mountains depends upon conservation and optimal use of soil and water resources (Ives & Messerli 1989). Despite regional and global efforts to understand the hydrology of the Himalayan region, soil and water conservation (SWC) programmes in this region mainly rely upon engineering measures. For want of cost-effective vegetative (bioengineering) measures (Deoja et al. 1991), and land use and land cover conducive to SWC, the fragile Himalayan watersheds continue to lose soil and water at alarming rates.

scholarly journals Future Domestic Water Demand for Jeddah City

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samy Kamis Ahmed Samy Kamis
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Jeddah City ◽  
Domestic Use

The paper discusses the present and future (1431-1460 A.H.) water de-mand and water resources for the domestic use in Jeddah city. Projection of both water demand driven by population as well as water resources are illustrated. Three scenarios are presented representing high, moderate and low cases for the population. Under each case, the level of water shortage problem is addressed and it is shown that without water conservation Jeddah city will face sig¬nificant water shortage.

scholarly journals WATER CONSERVATION IN DESERT CITIES: FROM THE SOCIOECOLOGICAL FIX TO GESTURES OF ENDURANCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN F. O’NEILL ◽  
ANNE-LISE BOYER
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Urban Political Ecology ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Urban water provision is the archetypal case for the recent wave of urban political ecology, using the concept of “fix” to illustrate belief in technical forms to solve socioecological problems like uneven water distribution and environmental degradation. On the one hand, this paper shows that the risks of water shortages in Arizona, USA are a technical concern. Professionals are dedicated to the promotion of water conservation to “fix” a dysfunctional hydro-social cycle. Yet, environmental organizations raise a critical approach to this “hydrocracy”. They defend local water supplies, river regeneration, and reuse as promoting a low water-use “desert lifestyle”. Building on the intellectual history of “fixes”, we apply Giorgio Agamben’s concept of “gesture”, signaling how, in places of deep water scarcity, water conservation policies remain within notions of growth, such that pauses in water availability leave open future promises of resource abundance so the moment of scarcity can be endured.

scholarly journals The Evapotranspiration of Tamarix and Its Response to Environmental Factors in Coastal Saline Land of China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Huanyu Chen ◽  
Ce Yang ◽  
Angyan Ren ◽  
Kai Guo ◽  
Xiaohui Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Soil Rehabilitation ◽  
Coastal Saline Soil ◽  
Crop Coefficients

(1) Background: As a halophytic species, Tamarix (Tamarix chinensis) can be used for saline soil rehabilitation in China. The reclamation and rehabilitation of saline soil depend on the water consumption of plants. However, whether water resources in saline soil can support the construction of Tamarix vegetation is still unknown. (2) Methods: In this study, we measured the transpiration (T) of Tamarix for 3 years using sap flow and the evaporation (E) for 1 year using a micro-lysimeter in Tamarix land. The evaporation values in 2016 and 2017 were estimated with the soil crop coefficients obtained in 2018. (3) Results: The evapotranspiration (ET) ranged from 514.2 to 573.8 mm and was greatly affected by the wind speed, VPD and groundwater table. Transpiration was the main form of water consumption in this region, accounting for 60.2% of the total evapotranspiration. Compared with bare land, vegetation construction increased soil moisture dissipation by 377.6 mm in 2018. According to on-site measurements and estimates, the water shortage in the dry year was 107.2 mm, and the residual water values in the normal year and wet year were 77.8 mm and 187.5 mm, respectively. May and September were months of widespread water shortages in different precipitation years. Although the cultivation of this plant increased water consumption, the groundwater table remained at approximately 0.5 m during the study year. (4) Conclusions: These results indicated that planting Tamarix in coastal saline soil was feasible for the reclamation and rehabilitation of saline soil. In the dry year (2017), the consumption of evapotranspiration exceeded the precipitation. The inverse occurred in the normal year (2016) and wet year (2018). Taken together, our findings showed that the water resources in the coastal saline soil of China could tolerate vegetation construction and laid a strong foundation for saline soil rehabilitation.

Allocation of Water Resources and Environment Management of the Bachuan River in Chongqing Based on Ecological Water Requirement

2014 ◽  
Vol 641-642 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Tian Yuan Xiang ◽  
Long Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Production Water ◽  
Water Demand And Supply ◽  
Ecological Water Requirement ◽  
Different Seasons

The Bachuan River is the main water source for urban life and industrial and agricultural production of one county in Chongqing, China, but water shortage is serious due to the water pollution and low development rate at present. In this paper, water resources quantity and quality of the Bachuan River basin were analyzed, and the water demand and supply were calculated. The results indicate that for the polluted river, in addition to the living and production water requirements, the guarantee of ecological water is important for the environment improvement. Reasonable joint regulation of upstream reservoirs is needed to maintain the water supply of living, production and ecological maintenance, and the water resources allocation should be adjusted according to the water inflow in different seasons. At the same time, water environment treatment and water conservation are also necessary to help to improve the water quality, and water transfer projects can be considered if the flow is too small in dry season.

scholarly journals Study on the organization of water-conservation activities and guiding strategies for urban communities based on public participation in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 538-554
Author(s):  
Binxia Xue ◽  
Tongyu Li ◽  
Xiaohe Hou ◽  
Jiayi Guo
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
The Public ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Human Needs

Abstract Water shortages and pollution in China are severe situations caused by rapid economic development and urbanization. The current water-conservation policies focus on implementing new technologies and management strategies at important spatial nodes while neglecting the significance of the response from the community and the public. In this paper, the elements that influence the public participation of water conservation within the community are analyzed and divided into three levels: the internal world elements of the residents, the different individual characters of the residents, and external world elements. Among these three levels, the internal world element level, including the desire to realize oneself, is crucial, as it will significantly strengthen an individual's participation activity once motivated. Based on Maslow's five-level theory of human needs, to establish a model of public participation in water-conservation communities, economic benefits, environmental improvement benefits, and the self-fulfilling satisfaction of participation will become the motivation for the model to function. In a new project, reclaimed water landscapes are established in the community, and eco-recreational activities with water-conservation themes are organized to guide and encourage public participation to foster water-conservation consciousness and to establish aging water-conservation guiding policies and implementation methods in the community.

Water, Water Everywhere (or, Seeing Is Believing): The Visibility of Water Supply and the Public Will for Conservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Pride Brown
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
The Public ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Visual Impacts ◽  
Motivating Factor

Why do some arid locations persist in having weak water conservation policies? And why do some wetter locales implement comparatively strong conservation requirements? Based upon 43 qualitative interviews with water stakeholders in four selected cities (Atlanta, Phoenix, San Antonio, Tampa), this article puts forward one contributing factor to explain this apparent contradiction: the variable “visibility” of stressed water resources. The material conditions of different water sources (e.g., groundwater, surface water) and geologies (i.e., during droughts or during flooding) provide variable opportunities to “see” water scarcity. The visual impacts of shrinking water resources can become a major motivating factor in the general public for increased water conservation. However, water supply is often physically invisible. In these circumstances, the image of water supply may be intentionally conjured in the public mind to produce similar concern. Assured, steady supply, on the other hand, can dampen the public will for strong conservation policy.

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