Removal of Musty-Odorous Compounds in Water and Retained in Algal Cells through Water Purification Processes

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ando ◽  
M. Miwa ◽  
M. Kajino ◽  
S. Tatsumi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
Odorous Compounds ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Metabolite Content

Musty-odorous compounds, metabolites of some species of blue-green algae, are usually contained in both the water and algal cell bodies. The compounds in the latter solid phase were found to be easily removed by coagulation and sedimentation without breakpoint prechlorination (intermediate chlorination used instead). Chlorination of the algae results in an artificial release of the metabolite content into the surrounding water. When a large fraction of the compounds was present in the algal cell bodies, more than 60% of these compounds were removed in the intermediate-chlorination treatment. Powdered activated carbon treatment is effective in removing the compounds in the aqueous phase. However, the effectivness was usually limited in practical treatment to high concentrations of musty odor. On the other hand, the ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment was found to be an effective method for removal. It was observed that the musty-odorous compounds were completely removed through the ozonation and GAC treatment system, which included coagulation and sedimentation without prechlorination.

Blue-Green Algae in Lake Biwa Which Produce Earthy-Musty Odors

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Negoro ◽  
M. Ando ◽  
N. Ichikawa
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Kyoto City ◽  
Off Flavors ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
Odorous Compounds

Since 1969, earthy-musty odor problems have frequently occurred in the water supply system of Kyoto City. Though the causes of these off-flavors were identified as 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmln, the causative organisms were not identified until recently. Now three species of planktonic blue-green algae from Lake Biwa have been identified as playing important roles in such problems. From the unlalgal culture of each alga, Anabaenamacrospora Klebahn was shown to produce geosmln, and both Phormidiumtenue (Meneghini) Gomont and Oscillatoriatenuis Agardh to produce MIB. These odorous compounds were found to be mainly stored in trlchomes, although it was once thought that they were dissolved in the surrounding water. Therefore, most of the odorous compounds can be removed from the water when the causative algae are removed.

Odor Problems in Lake Biwa

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Yagi ◽  
M Kajino ◽  
U Matsuo ◽  
K Ashitani ◽  
T Kita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Method ◽  
Algal Bloom ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Mass Fragmentography ◽  
Southern Basin ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
Odorous Compounds

In 1969 a musty odor was first found in the southern basin of Lake Biwa. Since then we have been investigating the causes of the problem. In the 1970's musty odor problems commonly occurred from May to early June due to the metabolites produced by Phormidiumtenue. However, the problem which took place in the summer of 1981 was found to be caused by an algal bloom of Anabaenamacrospora. The analyses of the water taken in the lake as well as of the laboratory cultures of the blue-green algae led to the conclusion that 2-methylisoborneol is produced by Phormidiumtenue, whereas geosmin by Anabaenamacrospora. Purge and trap concentration followed by mass fragmentography was developed and applied as a measurement method for these two odorous compounds. The method was found to be rapid, reproducible and sensitive enough to detect them at a nanogram per liter concentration level or beneath their threshold odors, requiring only a small sample (100 ml). Slow sand filtration was found to be effective in removing odor, where the odorous compounds were reduced to less than 10 ng/l in the effluents.

Speculations on a possible essential function of the gelatinous sheath of blue-green algae

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1181-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Lange
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Associated Species

Voluminous and often fluffy sheaths surrounding blue-green algal cells are observed (a) in productive natural waters, (b) in bacteria-containing laboratory cultures growing in inorganic nutrient media with added bacteria-assimilable organic matter, and (c) in axenic cultures in the same inorganic media even without added organic matter. The sheaths of bacteria-associated species in inorganic media without added organic matter are, by comparison, thin, and growth is meager. Repeated observations show that voluminous sheaths and vigorous growth of algal species are associated. It is suggested that formation and retention of a voluminous sheath provide a microenvironment around the algal cell where essential nutrients, present at only submarginal levels in the surrounding water, are concentrated and become readily available to the cell. This increase in nutrient concentration above a critical level, in turn, leads to vigorous algal growth. The voluminous sheath produced by the alga is not attacked by alga-associated bacteria when other assimilable organic matter is available: but in the absence of a more suitable food, the bacteria feed on the less desirable gelatinous sheath, markedly reducing its thickness and causing meager algal growth.

The relationship between musty-odor-causing organisms and water quality in Lake Biwa

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kajino ◽  
K. Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Odor Compounds ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
The Relationship

Musty odor has occurred annually in Lake Biwa since 1969. Osaka municipal waterworks, which is located downstream of Lake Biwa, has made many efforts to treat musty-odor compounds produced in Lake Biwa from spring through autumn. With the development of analytical methods for the determination of musty-odor compounds, we have been able to confirm that planktonic blue-green algae are the major causes of the musty-odor occurrences. The relationship between the growth of blue-green algae and the water quality was not so apparent. However, through our data analysis focusing on the relationship between musty-odor occurrences due to Phormidium tenue or Oscillatoria tenuis and some nutrients in Lake Biwa, we found that the concentration of nitrate in water may be an important parameter for the estimation of growth of the algae and the musty-odor behavior.

scholarly journals Fe3O4@C Nanoparticles Synthesized by In Situ Solid-Phase Method for Removal of Methylene Blue

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Hengli Xiang ◽  
Genkuan Ren ◽  
Yanjun Zhong ◽  
Dehua Xu ◽  
Zhiye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Solid Phase Reaction ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
High Concentrations

Fe3O4@C nanoparticles were prepared by an in situ, solid-phase reaction, without any precursor, using FeSO4, FeS2, and PVP K30 as raw materials. The nanoparticles were utilized to decolorize high concentrations methylene blue (MB). The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles was 18.52 mg/g, and that the adsorption process was exothermic. Additionally, by employing H2O2 as the initiator of a Fenton-like reaction, the removal efficiency of 100 mg/L MB reached ~99% with Fe3O4@C nanoparticles, while that of MB was only ~34% using pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The mechanism of H2O2 activated on the Fe3O4@C nanoparticles and the possible degradation pathways of MB are discussed. The Fe3O4@C nanoparticles retained high catalytic activity after five usage cycles. This work describes a facile method for producing Fe3O4@C nanoparticles with excellent catalytic reactivity, and therefore, represents a promising approach for the industrial production of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles for the treatment of high concentrations of dyes in wastewater.

Removal of trace contaminants using molecularly imprinted polymers

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Le Noir ◽  
B. Guieysse ◽  
B. Mattiasson
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Trace Contaminants ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Trace Concentrations ◽  
Granulated Activated Carbon

This work was conducted to study the potential of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the removal of oestradiol at trace concentrations (1 ppm–1 ppb). An MIP synthesised with 17β-oestradiol as template was compared to non-imprinted polymers (NIP) synthesised under the same conditions but without template, a commercial C18 extraction phase and granulated activated carbon. At 1 ppb oestradiol was recovered by 98±2% when using the MIP, compared to 90±1, 79±1, and 84±2% when using the NIP, a C18 phase, or granulated activated carbon, respectively. According to these levels, the MIP was capable of producing an effluent with a quality 5–10 times higher than the other materials. The same levels of oestradiol recovery were achieved with the MIP when supplying 17β-oestradiol at 0.1 ppm. Phenolic compounds added as interferences bound less to the MIP than to the NIP, confirming the selectivity of the MIP. Oestradiol biodegradation was also demonstrated at high concentrations (50 ppm), showing the pollutants can be safely destructed after being enriched by molecular extraction. This study demonstrates the potential of molecular imprinted polymers as a highly efficient specific adsorbent for the removal of trace contaminants.

Measurement of Plasma 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D Using a Novel Immunoextraction Technique and Immunoassay with Iodine Labelled Vitamin D Tracer

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
W D Fraser ◽  
B H Durham ◽  
J L Berry ◽  
E B Mawer
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
High Concentrations

We evaluated a novel assay for the measurement of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25 (OH)2D). Immunoextraction of 1,25 (OH)2D is performed using a mini column containing a solid-phase monoclonal antibody followed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using an 125I-labelled 1,25 (OH)2D derivative tracer and Sac-cell separation. The mean recovery of 1,25(OH)2D3 was 101%, linearity was excellent, inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were 9, 8 and 13% and 11, 10 and 14% at low, medium and high concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3, respectively. The cross-reactivity of vitamin D metabolites was <0·0015% for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 24, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dihydrotachysterol and 0·54% for lα calcidol. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D2 cross-reactivity was 79%. The detection limit of the assay was 5pmol/L. Comparison with a commercial radio receptor assay (RRA) and an in-house RIA gave regression equations of y = 0·94x+11·8 ( r = 0·98) and y = 0·91x-1·7 ( r = 0.95), respectively, with no major discrepancies between the methods in all patient groups studied. Plasma concentrations of 1,25 (OH)2D obtained with the assay were as follows: normal, unsupplemented subjects: mean 88, range 48–155 pmol/L, n = 68, patients with chronic renal failure: mean 11, range 3–36 pmol/L, n = 27, primary hyperparathyroidism: mean 198, range 130–299 pmol/L, n = 23, Paget's disease: mean 92, range 42–149 pmol/L, n = 24, osteomalacia: mean 43, range 27–61 pmol/L, n = 9. A minimum sample volume of 300 μL is required, the hands-on time is significantly less than other commercial assays and the measuring procedure is gamma counting rather than scintillation counting. The assay offers several advantages over previous methods and should allow more laboratories to offer measurement of 1,25 (OH)2D as part of their repertoire.

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