Scientific basis for wastewater treatment and disposal in Istanbul

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derin Orhon
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Management Program ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
Major Factors

The Istanbul Metropolitan Area is located in a very critical area between the Marmara Sea, the Bosphorus and the Black Sea. Recent investigations clearly indicate that the Marmara Sea now possesses all the striking properties of a sensitive zone. Therefore the nature and the magnitude of wastewater treatment and disposal is a major factor to be considered for the protection of the Marmara Sea. Conversely, wastewater management in Istanbul should be carefully defined and optimized on the basis of the delicate hydrodynamic and ecological balance between the adjacent seas. The paper critically reviews all related findings to provide a scientific basis for major factors requiring specific emphasis in a wastewater management program for Istanbul. In this framework, highly controversial issues, such as need for nutrient removal for discharges to the Marmara Sea, degree of treatment required around Bosphorus and the junction zone, and the location of Kadiköy and Riva discharges are critically evaluated in the light of the existing scientific evidence.

Planning of wastewater treatment and disposal systems of Istanbul metropolitan area

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Eroglu ◽  
H. Z. Sarikaya ◽  
A. F. Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Treatment And Disposal

Current and future wastewater treatment and disposal strategies of Istanbul city are presented. Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey and has a population of 10 million that may reach about 20 million in 2032. The city is divided into Asian and European sides by the Bosphorus Strait. The Sea of Marmara is an enclosed sea, connected to the Black Sea and Aegean Sea by the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Therefore, there is very strong and permanent stratification in the Sea of Marmara throughout the year, lower layers carrying Mediterranean and the upper layers carrying Black Sea water. This unique coastal structure of Istanbul necessitated a detailed study to determine the level of wastewater treatment and the location and depth of marine outfalls. A comprehensive three-dimensional water quality modelling study concluded that tertiary treatment including nitrogen and phosphorus removal is required for the effluent discharges into the Marmara Sea. However, enhanced primary or even primary treatment has been found satisfactory for discharges into the lower layers of the Bosphorus and into the Black Sea. Provisions for upgrading to secondary treatment were recommended. The status of existing and planned wastewater treatment plants and sea outfalls of Istanbul city are also presented. Although the amount of treated wastewater was only 63 percent in 1998, a target of 95 percent treatment level by the end of 2000 has been adopted in implementation plans. All treatment plants are located at or close to the coast except Pasakoy WWTP which is in the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir, the major source of drinking water for Istanbul city. The Pasakoy WWTP has been designed to treat wastewaters collected from the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir to tertiary level before ultimate disposal. The implementation programme together with the cost estimates are given. Total investment on water, wastewater and stormwater projects up to year 2032 is estimated at about 10 billion US Dollars. The share of the wastewater projects in this total is increasing with time. The financial analysis concluded that investments for a Higher Demand Scenario can be realised by raising the water tariffs to 1.0 $/m3 for Phase 1 and 0.9 $/m3 for Phase 2.

Simulation of nitrogen removal by step feeding for Istanbul wastewaters

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Görgün ◽  
N. Artan ◽  
D. Orhon ◽  
S. Sözen
Keyword(s):  
Model Simulation ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Total N ◽  
System A ◽  
The One ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

The Metropolitan Area of Istanbul is the major polluter in the Marmara Sea which shows all the indications of a sensitive zone. The adopted wastewater management policy involves biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal at all the discharge points in the area. The Riva plant at the Black Sea coast is designed as a two-stage step feeding system. A model simulation shows that the proposed design cannot meet the effluent standard of 10 mgl−1 total N for the sewage character assessed on the basis of an experimental study, totally different from the one adopted for design.

The cost of municipal sewage treatment – structure, origin, minimization – methods of fair cost comparison and allocation

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bode ◽  
T. Grünebaum
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Management Association ◽  
Major Factors

Cost comparison in the field of wastewater treatment is a difficult task, particularly concerning sewages charges in different countries. German wastewater management is, for one thing, known to be very efficient, yet, for another, comparatively costly on an international scale. In this context, the marginal conditions typically prevailing in the field of sewage treatment in Germany should be mentioned: dense population and industrialization with high export-oriented production rates, high-profile purification requirements enforced by law. To establish a valid cost comparison, it is necessary to include both the investment and the operating expenses within the scope of the overall annual costs. The major factors impacting the different cost types are represented. Only if these factors are taken into account and quantified, will cost comparison be fair and lead to useful results. Ten hints for cost minimization are given to serve as a guideline for successful and responsable cost reduction. Cost transparency is the prerequisite for the possibility to develop saving potentials while simultaneously securing the social and political acceptance of the charges levied, and to compare the different plants with one another. Experience from Ruhrverband, a water management association for an entire catchment area, being responsible for planning, building and operation of 94 wastewater treatment plants and other plants for water quantity and water quality management, is reported.

Pollutant dynamics between The Black Sea and The Marmara Sea: Basis for wastewater management strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 112388
Author(s):  
D. Orhon ◽  
S. Sözen ◽  
V.S.O. Kirca ◽  
S. Duba ◽  
R. Mermutlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Marmara Sea

Innovative approaches to sewage collection, treatment, and disposal: practices in northern Canada

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Smith ◽  
Vern Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Polyethylene Pipe ◽  
Northern Canada ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
Individual Line

Some components of the wastewater management systems used in northern Canada have undergone significant changes within the last ten years. The natural and imposed constraints are reviewed with special emphasis on the wastewater characteristics. Wastewater collection through the use of butt-welded polyethylene pipe, individual line service connections, and truck collection are discussed. Improvements in the disposal of undiluted and moderately, conventionally, and greatly diluted wastewater are outlined. The problems and improvements underway with greywater treatment and disposal are important for the improvement of living conditions. Also, current efforts to increase water conservation are noted. Keywords: cold regions engineering, wastewater treatment, sewage collection, sewage disposal, water conservation.

Evaluation of the impact from the Black Sea on the pollution of the Marmara Sea

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derin Orhon
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
The Impact

The Marmara Sea is now the recipient of a large number of wastewater discharges from land-based sources. At the same time, it is in direct exchange both with The Black Sea and The Mediterranean. A correct and efficient wastewater management programme with nutrient removal may be acceptable if it can effectively reduce the pollution in The Marmara Sea. This can only be evaluated by means of a comparative evaluation of the relevant pollutant loads originating from the land-based sources in the coastal zone and from the adjacent seas. This paper evaluates significant quality parameters related to the Black Sea – The Bosphorus – The Marmara Sea system, quantifies the pollution exchange between The Marmara Sea and The Black Sea and provides a critical appraisal of the effect of The Black Sea on the pollution in The Marmara in comparison with land-based sources.

Technological Solution for the Treatment of Wastewater Resulting from Autochthonous Aquacultures in Order to Protect the Marine Water Quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2752-2755
Author(s):  
Carmen Tociu ◽  
Tania Zaharia ◽  
Elena Diacu ◽  
Cristina Maria ◽  
Florica Marinescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Technological Solution ◽  
Aluminium Sulphate ◽  
Metallurgical Slags ◽  
Treatment Step

This paper depicts the research conducted at a micro-pilot scale on autochthonous cultures in order to develop adequate technological solutions for the treatment of wastewater resulting from shrimp cultures (Palaemonidae) that would ensure the protection of the Black Sea ecosystem and constitute an applicable tool for the development of aquaculture in Romania. The proposed objectives were attained by adopting an integrated system of marine cultures shrimps-mussels-macrophyte algae, followed by a conventional chemical treatment step using aluminium sulphate recovered from metallurgical slags. This system together with wastewater treatment ensures an optimum development of species and a minimum load of pollutants in the aquatic environment.

Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in the City of Dubrovnik

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
J. Margeta ◽  
J. Pupovac ◽  
B. Ivančić
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
Seaside Resort ◽  
Coastal Sea ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
The City

Dubrovnik is the most popular tourist seaside resort in Yugoslavia. The rapid development of tourism has necessitated appropriate environmental protection, particularly with regard to the coastal sea. Consequently, the city has constructed a plant for the treatment of wastewater and a submarine outfall. The characteristics of the sewerage system and the coastal sea meant that the wastewater disposal system required a specific method of construction and treatment. This paper presents the system adopted for Dubrovnik and the methodology used to choose the system. Special attention is paid to the problems and drawbacks which occurred during design and operation of the system, as well as to the measures undertaken afterwards for reconstruction of the system.

The Black Sea factor influencing the wastewater disposal strategy for Istanbul

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
I. Ethem Gönenç ◽  
Oguz Müftüoglu ◽  
Bilsen Beler Baykal ◽  
Ertugrul Dogan ◽  
Hüseyin Yüce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Trophic Conditions ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
The World ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Unlike other seas of the world, the Black Sea shows unique quality and trophic properties. Fortunately, only the upper layer water of the Black Sea is introduced into the Bosphorus and has a significant effect on the quality and trophic conditions of the Marmara Sea. These effects are discussed in the light of data obtained from collaborative efforts of Turkish and Romanian research institutions and processed satellite images. In conjunction with these discussions, recommendations for a suitable effluent disposal strategy for Istanbul's wastewater have been given.

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