Effects of atrazine and alachlor on self-purification processes in receiving streams

In recent years many waterways in Slovenia have been subjected to an increased loading with pesticides due to intensification of agriculture. The most widely used herbicides are atrazine and alachlor and they were detected in some rivers and even in ground water. Therefore the effects of atrazine and alachlor on selfpurification processes were investigated. The basic selfpurification processes studied were biodegradation of organic substances and photosynthesis and growth of algae. The inhibiting effect of pesticides on the process of biodegradation of organic pollutants was evaluated by the use of laboratory river model and mathematical modelling. The harmful impacts of pesticides on aquatic autotrophic organisms were assessed by measurement of net assimilation inhibition (24-h acute toxicity test) as well as growth inhibition - chlorophyll- a content (72-h chronic toxicity test) of algae Scenedesmus subspicatus. The results obtained demonstrate that atrazine and alachlor in concentrations found in our rivers have practically no effect on biodegrading heterotrophic organisms, while their adverse effect on algae is quite considerable.

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Safety Evaluation of a New Traditional Chinese Medical Formula, Ciji-Hua’ai-Baosheng II Formula, in Adult Rodent Models

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/3659890 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Biqian Fu ◽

Xiangyang Zhai ◽

Shengyan Xi ◽

Lifeng Yue ◽

Yanan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Treated Group ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Rodent Models ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Traditional Chinese Medical

Background. Ciji-Hua’ai-Baosheng II Formula (CHB-II-F) is a new traditional Chinese medical formula that has been shown to reduce toxicity and side effects of chemotherapy and increase the probability of cancer patient survival. Whether CHB-II-F is safe as an adjunctive therapy for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy has yet to be determined. Purpose. To evaluate the acute and subchronic toxic effects of CHB-II-F in rodent models. Methods. In acute toxicity test, 24 Kunming mice were divided into 2 groups: untreated control and CHB-II-F 1.05 g/mL (31.44 g/kg) treated group. Treatment was administered to the treated group 3 times a day for 14 days. The overall health, adverse reactions, and mortality rate were documented. In subchronic toxicity test, 96 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: untreated control, high dose CHB-II-F (H) (26.20 g/kg), medium dose CHB-II-F (M) (13. 10 g/kg), and low dose CHB-II-F (L) (6.55 g/kg) [equal to 24.375 g (dried medicinal herb)/kg] treated groups. Treated groups were given the treatments once a day for 4 weeks. The overall health and mortality rate were recorded every day. Body weight and food consumption were measured once a week. Hematologic and biochemical parameters, organ weights, and histopathologic markers were analyzed after 4 weeks. An additional 2 weeks were given as the treatment recovery period before end-point euthanization, and biochemical analyses were performed. Results. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of CHB-II-F on mice was found to be 94.31 g/kg [equal to 351 g (dried medicinal herb)/kg], which is 108 times the human adult dose. In the acute toxicity test, administration of CHB-II-F 31.44 g/kg showed no adverse effect and did not cause mortality. In the subchronic toxicity test, after 4 weeks of treatment, compared to the controls, total cholesterol (TCHO) level, cardiac and splenic indexes, body weights of female rats, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the CHB-II-F (H) group were significantly increased; triglyceride (TG) in the CHB-II-F (M) group and liver and splenic indexes in the CHB-II-F (L) group were increased. After the two-week recovery period, biofluid analyses, food consumption, and histopathologic examinations showed no abnormalities. Conclusion. Administration of CHB-II-F had no obvious adverse effect on the overall health of rodent models. A daily maximum dose of less than 94.31 g/kg or 6.55 g/kg CHB-II-F for 4 continuous weeks was considered safe.

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Safety Profile of Meswak Root Extract on Liver, Kidney, Sexual Hormones and Hematological Parameters of Rats

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb417263 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 18-23

Author(s):

Abeer Y. IBRAHIM ◽

Souad E. El-GENGAIHI

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Safety Profile ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Female Rats ◽

Root Extract ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Sexual Hormones ◽

Delayed Toxicity

This study was conducted to investigate the safety profile of Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) aqueous alcoholic root extract by carrying out acute and sub-chronic toxicity assessment in order to find out any side effect of the traditionally using of these root sticks. Regarding to acute toxicity test, mice were administered the extract up to 5 g kg-1, intraperitoneally. Animals were then observed for behavioural changes; signs of toxicity, and mortality within 24 h. Surviving mice were monitored for 7 days for signs of delayed toxicity. In the sub-chronic toxicity test, rats were daily treated with the extract at a dose of 400 mg kg-1 intraperitoneally, for 30 days. At the end of the test period, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in blood and serum samples with determination of vital organs weights. In the acute toxicity test, the extract was practically non-toxic showing no mortality and visible signs of delayed toxicity. The LD50, given intraperitoneally, was estimated to be 4 g kg-1. Administration of extract (at a dose of 400 mg Kg-1 b.wt.) to male and female rats for 30 days did not produce any significant (P < 0.05) effect on hematological and most biochemical parameters also vital organs weights. The root extract showed adverse effects on sexual hormones, by increasing estrogen secretion and reducing testosterone level in male rats. At the same time, the extract reduces progesterone level in female satellite group. Overall, Meswak aqueous extract is safe concerning liver and kidney functions and hematological assessments; however, it induces reversal effect on sexual hormones levels determined in sera.

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Dying for change: A roadmap to refine the fish acute toxicity test after 40 years of applying a lethal endpoint

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ◽

10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112585 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 223 ◽

pp. 112585

Author(s):

Ioanna Katsiadaki ◽

Tim Ellis ◽

Linda Andersen ◽

Philipp Antczak ◽

Ellen Blaker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Acute Toxicity Test

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Ceriofast™: An acute toxicity test based onCeriodaphnia dubiafeeding behavior

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ◽

10.1002/etc.5620150208 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 123-125

Author(s):

Gabriel Bitton ◽

Kimberly Rhodes ◽

Ben Koopman

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Acute Toxicity Test

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Study on the Safety of Mineral and Synthetic Oil Added Commonly Used Extreme Pressure Additives

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1386 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 430-432 ◽

pp. 1386-1389

Author(s):

Zhuo Jun Chen ◽

Long Long Feng ◽

Bao Liang Li ◽

Jin Jin Yue ◽

Ying Liang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Stimulation Test ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Base Oil ◽

Synthetic Oil ◽

Four Levels ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

This article use the Sulphide Isobutene (T321), Five Sufides Dialkyl(RC2540) and Star of Phosphorus(P110) as the additives,Neopentyl Polyol Ester(NPE) and mineral oil N32 as base oil. Compound above additives and base oil for the four levels. A sample: adding 4% T321 additive in NPE. B sample: adding 4% T321 additive in N32. C sample: adding 4% RC2540 additive in NPE. D sample: adding RC2540, T321 and P110 additives in NPE (all is mass fraction). The oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests were conducted in above samples. The test results show that. The mineral oil, it’s not only toxic then synthetic oil but also has a poor lubricating ability compare with the same percent additive in synthetic oil. In oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests, Toxic reaction of mineral N32+4%wt Sulphide Isobutene (T321) obviously from other oil samples.

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Acute toxicity test for the ethanolic extract of the white oyster mushroom

Medical Technology and Environmental Health ◽

10.1201/9781003016700-9 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-43

Author(s):

S.B. Rahimah ◽

Y. Kharisma ◽

M.K. Dewi ◽

J. Hartati ◽

W. Maharani

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Oyster Mushroom ◽

Acute Toxicity Test

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Evaluation on Toxicity Level of Terminalia catappa Leaves Extract on Selected Cyprinids under Different Bath Concentrations

Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science ◽

10.47836/pjtas.43.4.02 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Emi Fazlina Hashim ◽

Irence John ◽

Intan Faraha A Ghani ◽

Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Safety Margin ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Time Interval ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

High Concentration ◽

Terminalia Catappa ◽

Cyprinid Species ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus

This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of Terminalia catappa leaves extract on three cyprinid species; carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus) and tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona) through the acute toxicity test. The leaves of T. catappa were extracted with methanol and prepared in various immersion concentrations (40, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg/L). These extracts were immersed in the aquarium and left for 24 h before performing the acute toxicity test. The water quality was also analyzed before and after adding the extract immersions into the aquarium. The acute toxicity test conducted for 96 h with 10 fishes of each cyprinid species (4.0-6.0 cm length) in 30 L water capacity aquarium. The mortality of each cyprinid species was recorded at 24 h time interval and LC50 of the extracts throughout 96 hours was determined through the probit analysis application. Specifically, the LC50 of T. catappa leaves extract were 349.89, 338.65 and 318.48 mg/L exhibited for carp, goldfish and tiger barb, respectively. A high concentration range of any plant-based extract has the potential to become toxic to particular fishes. Thus, it is an effort from this study to identify the safety margin of T. catappa leaves extract before its therapeutic values can be further manipulated and elucidated in aquaculture research.

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Acute Toxicity Investigation of Landfill Leachates Treated with Fine Bubbles

Advanced Engineering Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.41.55 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 55-65

Author(s):

Hikmat Kasmara ◽

Desti Pratiwi ◽

Sundoro Yoga Azhary ◽

Eko Sulistyo ◽

Camellia Panatarani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Acute Toxicity Test ◽

Landfill Leachates ◽

Leachate Treatment ◽

Fine Bubble ◽

Before And After

Landfill Leachates is one of the pollutants containing high organic matter and heavy metal which can cause toxic pollution to water due to less than optimal leachate processing. This study aims to introduce fine bubbles treatment to the leachate processing technology at the waste treatment facility at Sarimukti, West Java Indonesia. The toxicity test was conducted in the acute toxicity test and test for D. magna. The acute toxicity test was carried out using a static biological test according to APHA standards (1995). The LC50-48 hours ware calculates using the Finney Probit Analysis Software. The results showed that the effectiveness of Sarimukti TPA leachate treatment was 97.5% DO, 71% BOD, 86% TDS, and 74.8% turbidity. The XRF spectra on the leachate after fine bubble found a recovery of heavy metal elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Sn. Based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation, the effectiveness of leachate processing has reached the safe standard limit for pH, mercury, cadmium parameters. The acute toxicity of leachate before and after treatment fine bubble was 14.516 ppm and 11.178 ppm. The acute toxicity of leachate is considered almost non-toxic.

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