LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, toxicity and anti-anaemic activity of Rubia tinctorum L. aqueous extract

The present study investigated the chemical profile, toxicity, and anti-anaemic activity of Rubia tinctorum root aqueous extract against phenylhydrazine induced hemolytic anaemia. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS; acute toxicity test was evaluated by administering a single dose of 2,000 mg.kg-1 of the extract; anaemia was induced by administration of 40 mg phenylhydrazine by intraperitoneal injection for 2 days. Moreover, the anti-anaemic activity was evaluated by measuring the haematological parameters of rats treated with iron and aqueous extract for 15 days. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis results revealed the presence of 31 phytochemical compounds, among them, citric acid was found as the most abundant. No signs of toxicity or death were recorded, indicating that the LD50 of R. tinctorum root extract is higher than 2,000 mg.kg-1. Furthermore, the aqueous extract increased red blood cell levels by 69.82 and 71.67 % in the groups treated with 200 and 400 mg.kg-1 of the extract, respectively. Besides, a significant increase in hemoglobin from 12.05 ± 0.15 to 12.9 ± 0.52 g.dL-1 was noted in rats treated with 400 mg.kg-1 of extract. Thus, the data indicate that the root extract could be considered a natural source for the treatment of anaemia.

Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity of “Tran Chau Nguu Hoang Hoan” in experimental animals

“Tran chau nguu hoang hoan” was prepared from 12 herbal ingredients. So far, the safety of this product, has not been reported yet. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of “Tran chau nguu hoang hoan” through oral administration in experimental animals. The acute toxicity was determined by the method of Litchfield Wilcoxon in mice at the doses of 2.42 g/kg b.w/day to 6.04 g/kg b.w/day. The subchronic toxicity was evaluated followed the Guideline of WHO and OECD in rats with oral doses of 58.0 mg/kg b.w/day and 174.0 mg/kg b.w/day for 12 consecutive weeks. As a result, in the course of the acute toxicity test, the mice showed no abnormal sign or death. In terms of the subchonic toxicity test, hematological indexes, hepato-renal functions and microscopic images of liver and kidney were unchanged. In conclusion, “Tran chau nguu hoang hoan” does not appear to produce acute and subchronic toxicities in mice and rats.

ACUTE TOXICITY OF Β-KITIN EXTRACTED FROM THE SHELL OF BLUE SWIMMING CRAB (PORTUNUS PELAGICUS LINN.)

Objective: This work aimed to study the acute toxicity of β-chitin extracted from crab shells in Bal b/c mice. Method: The acute toxicity test was performed by following the OECD guidelines. Female mice were given single or divided doses of β-chitin (maximum 24 h) with doses of 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 6000 mg/kg of BW. Observations were made for 14 d, including behaviour, body weight, organ weight, and histopathology of vital organs (stomach, heart, liver, kidney, and lung). Results: During 14 d, no deaths and no abnormalities in behaviour, bodyweight or organ weight were observed. Qualitative histopathological observations at the highest dose showed abnormalities of the liver and kidney compared to those of the control group. Nevertheless, the abnormalities did not affect the organ function. Conclusion: This acute toxicity study reveals that β-chitin up to a dose of 6000 mg/kg of BW is not toxic, as proved by the normal behaviour, body weight, and vital organ weight of the animals. Further chronic toxicities study is needed to confirm its safety.

Toxicity Studies of Centella asiatica for Drug Development: Mini Review

Toxicity studies' quality control of drug plant-based products is an important aspect of pharmacological research. The purpose of this literature review is to extract about toxicity test on Centella asiatica. The plant component utilized, the test animals used, the type of toxicity test, evaluation, the findings, and conclusions of each test are all included in this review—the database used in PubMed. Most of the literature results obtained from this review indicate high safety in C. asiatica plants. The acute toxicity test is that the most frequently used toxicity test. The use varies from plant parts to whole plants, with minimal side effects reported and high in safety, so it can be concluded that C. asiatica is very prospective to be developed as a medicine.

Analisis Uji Toksisitas Akut Logam Cu Terhadap Artemia salina dan Daphnia magna

Water pollution can become dangerous if consumed. River could be polluted with some materials namely heavy metal of chopper (Cu). Heavy metals that are accidentally consumed by human body through the skin surface, some through the respiratory or digestive tract and then accumulate in the body over time. To make an early detection of heavy metal and water quality in water bodies, some animals or plants were used. Several types of crustaceans such as Artemia salina and Daphnia magna or commonly referred to as bio indicators. This study analyze comparison of acute toxicity test that represented by LC50 value of Cu in Artemia salina and Daphnia magna. From the research result it was found that Artemia salina and Daphnia magna gave a toxic effect with LC50 values of 11.78 ppm and 7.87 ppm, respectively.

Acute Toxicity Testing of White Turmeric Extract (Curcuma zedoaria) on Histopathological Imaging of the Lungs

White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) is a type of plant whose extract contains compounds that can inhibit carcinogenesis. Acute toxicity test was conducted to determine the safe dose and lethal dose (LD) 50 from the use of a drug substance. This research aimed to determine the effect of the acute toxicity test of white turmeric extract on the histopathological imaging of the lungs. This study is an experimental study with a post test only control group design. A total of 30 Wistar rats was divided into six groups. Data analysis was using one-way ANOVA statistical test, while for lung histopathology using ordinal data which were analyzed descriptively. In conclusion, the acute toxicity test of white turmeric extract on Wistar rats was not toxic and there was no death and no toxic symptoms and no necrosis, congestion and inflammation were found on the histopathological picture of the lungs.

EVALUATION OF ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF CALLISTEMON CITRINUS (CURTIS) SKEELS (MYRTACEAE) VOLATILE OIL

The use of medicinal plants is on the rise due to the increase of various diseases and shortcomings of orthodox medicine. For many ailments including convulsion, conventional medicine has not been able to find a lasting solution. This study was directed towards assessing the ethnomedicinal use of Callistemon citrinus leaves in the management of convulsion. The volatile oil of the leaves was extracted and an acute toxicity test was carried out following Lorke’s description. Maximal electroshock (MES), strychnine and pentylenetetrazol anticonvulsant methods were used. Separate groups of albino mice were given 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses of the volatile oil. Drug solutions; 30 mg/kg phenobarbitone for MES and 2 mg/kg diazepam for strychnine and pentylenetetrazol models were administered as a positive control. The start of tonic leg extension, duration and percentage mortality was recorded. Doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) inhibited seizure in the mice with scores of 40 % each in the MES model. There was a dose-dependent reduction in the duration of seizures with 68.47, 70.27 and 81.08 % reductions in the pentylenetetrazol model. No significant coverage was given in the strychnine model. C. citrinus oil protected the mice against pentylenetetrazol and maximal electroshock-induced convulsion hence could contribute to the medical treatment of epilepsy.

Short Term Effects of Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan on Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852): Biochemical and Genetic Alterations

Background: Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent which enters into the aquatic environment through wastewater discharges which causes potential health risk in human and aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to determine the toxic effects of triclosan on Oreochromis mossambicus. Methods: The fishes were subjected to five different concentrations viz. 131, 262, 523, 1046 and 2092 µg.l-1 of triclosan for 96 h acute toxicity test. To evaluate the levels of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S transferase, brain and liver tissues were collected, homogenized, extracted and stored at -20° for further analysis. The DNA damage was assessed in gill and liver tissues using single cell gel electrophoresis method. Result: In present study, the calculated 96 h LC50 value of triclosan in O. mossambicus was 740 µg.l-1 and the fishes showed various behavioural alterations. Time and dose dependent inhibition of AChE activity in brain tissue was observed during acute toxicity test. However, the GST activity in liver tissue increased on exposure to triclosan with significant increase in concentration of toxicant. DNA damage index was higher in gill tissue compared to the liver tissue during acute exposure to TCS which could cause detrimental effects in fishes.

Acute Toxicity Investigation of Landfill Leachates Treated with Fine Bubbles

Landfill Leachates is one of the pollutants containing high organic matter and heavy metal which can cause toxic pollution to water due to less than optimal leachate processing. This study aims to introduce fine bubbles treatment to the leachate processing technology at the waste treatment facility at Sarimukti, West Java Indonesia. The toxicity test was conducted in the acute toxicity test and test for D. magna. The acute toxicity test was carried out using a static biological test according to APHA standards (1995). The LC50-48 hours ware calculates using the Finney Probit Analysis Software. The results showed that the effectiveness of Sarimukti TPA leachate treatment was 97.5% DO, 71% BOD, 86% TDS, and 74.8% turbidity. The XRF spectra on the leachate after fine bubble found a recovery of heavy metal elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Sn. Based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation, the effectiveness of leachate processing has reached the safe standard limit for pH, mercury, cadmium parameters. The acute toxicity of leachate before and after treatment fine bubble was 14.516 ppm and 11.178 ppm. The acute toxicity of leachate is considered almost non-toxic.