Windrow composting of wastewater biosolids: process performance and product stability assessment

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Lasaridi ◽  
E. I. Stentiford ◽  
T. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Process Performance ◽  
Stability Assessment ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Compost Stability ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Composting Facility ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Windrow Composting ◽  
Potential Stability ◽  
Ambient Levels

The composting process at the Thames Water composting facility at Little Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK, was monitored in order to access the value of both process parameters (temperature, drying tendency) and compost stability indicators (VS, COD, respiration rate) for process performance evaluation. A simple model was developed to describe the process rate on the basis of volatile solids and respirometric results. Pile core temperature exceeded 55°C in the first 2-3 days and reached ambient levels after 8-10 weeks. Compost stability, as determined by both wet (SOUR) and dry (DSOUR) respirometry increased with age, the two parameters correlating well with each other and composting time. The SOUR dropped from about 20 mg/g VS/hr for the fresh compost to 5 mg/g VS/hr at the end of the 4 weeks of turning and to 1.5 mg/g VS/hr after five months of maturation. The COD, optical density at 665, 465 and 280 nm, and the E4/E6 ratio of water extracts were also analysed as potential stability parameters, but the information revealed was limited.

Compost Stability Assessment Using a Secondary Metabolite: Geosmin

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1305-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.F. Li ◽  
T. Imai ◽  
M. Ukita ◽  
M. Sekine ◽  
T. Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Stability Assessment ◽  
Compost Stability

The impact of increasing energy crop addition on process performance and residual methane potential in anaerobic digestion

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lindorfer ◽  
C. Pérez López ◽  
C. Resch ◽  
R. Braun ◽  
R. Kirchmayr
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Level ◽  
Biogas Plant ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Process Performance ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Electrical Capacity ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
The Impact

In a full-scale agricultural biogas plant, the changes in process performance connected with the increasing energy crop addition were monitored. The substrates applied were pig manure, solid energy crops and agricultural residues. During the study, the organic loading rate and the volume-related biogas productivity were doubled to 4.2 kg VS/(m·3d) and 2.83 Nm3/(m3·d) respectively, by means of increasing the energy crop ratio in the feedstock to 96.5% (volatile solids). This resulted in an increase of the electrical capacity on a level twice as high as before. At the same time, methane yield and organic degradation rate decreased slightly to 0.35 Nm3/kg VSadded and 87.4%, respectively. The strongest impact observed was on the transfer of partly degraded organic material into the digestate storage and with this, an increase of the residual methane potential of the digestate. A maximum theoretical methane load in the digestate of 14.4% related to total methane production of the biogas plant was observed. This maximum level could be reduced to 5.5%.

scholarly journals Improved Precision and Efficiency of a Modified ORG0020 Dynamic Respiration Test Setup for Compost Stability Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Guillen Ferrari ◽  
Graham Howell ◽  
Thomas Aspray
Keyword(s):  
Stability Assessment ◽  
Test Setup ◽  
Compost Stability

scholarly journals Kinetic study of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of vinasse waste

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Usmani ◽  
B. Pangkumhang ◽  
M. Wongaree ◽  
K. Wantala ◽  
R. Khunphonoi
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Methanogenic Bacteria ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Microorganism Population ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Biodegradation Process ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Vinasse, a sugar-ethanol residue, is used as a substrate for biogas production. The characteristics of the vinasse wastewater used were 216,000 mg-COD/L, pH 4.1, and 68.42 mg/L volatile solids. The sludge/wastewater ratio was controlled at about 1.5−2.0, by weight. Biogas production enhancement was studied in relation to two parameters – Citadel BioCat + , a commercial biocatalyst containing a large microorganism population as the methanogenic bacteria source (5 and 10 g), and reaction temparature (30 and 37 °C). Biogas production kinetics were evaluated. The presence of the biocatalyst enhanced biogas production significantly, as well as reducing the time required for anaerobic digestion. The first-order kinetic model described the biodegradation process. The best results were found using 10 g of biocatalyst at 37 °C – i.e., the optimum results based on biogas production potential (A), the highest biogas production rate (U), the minimum biogas production time (λ), and kinetic organic biodegradability constants (k) of 102.71 mL/g-COD, 11.17 mL/g-COD/d, 0.95 day, and 0.0533 day − 1, respectively. COD removal efficiency was up to 60%.

Photo-electric Hβ and uvby photometry

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
D. L. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Band ◽  
Line Strength ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Relative Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
F Stars ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Filter Photometry ◽  
The Continuum

Early in the 1950's Strömgren (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) introduced medium to narrow-band interference filter photometry at the McDonald Observatory. He used six interference filters to obtain two parameters of astrophysical interest. These parameters he calledlandc, for line and continuum hydrogen absorption. The first measured empirically the absorption line strength of Hβby means of a filter of half width 35Å centered on Hβand compared to the mean of two filters situated in the continuum near Hβ. The second index measured empirically the Balmer discontinuity by means of a filter situated below the Balmer discontinuity and two above it. He showed that these two indices could accurately predict the spectral type and luminosity of both B stars and A and F stars. He later derived (6) an indexmfrom the same filters. This index was a measure of the relative line blanketing near 4100Å compared to two filters above 4500Å. These three indices confirmed earlier work by many people, including Lindblad and Becker. References to this earlier work and to the systems discussed today can be found in Strömgren's article inBasic Astronomical Data(7).

Radiation Damage of Support Films

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Contrast Transfer Function ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Imaging Parameters ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Phase Corrections ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Medium Dose

The goal of imaging the finest detail possible in biological specimens leads to contradictory requirements for the choice of an electron dose. The dose should be as low as possible to minimize object damage, yet as high as possible to optimize image statistics. For specimens that are protected by low temperatures or for which the low resolution associated with negative stain is acceptable, the first condition may be partially relaxed, allowing the use of (for example) 6 to 10 e/Å2. However, this medium dose is marginal for obtaining the contrast transfer function (CTF) of the microscope, which is necessary to allow phase corrections to the image. We have explored two parameters that affect the CTF under medium dose conditions.Figure 1 displays the CTF for carbon (C, row 1) and triafol plus carbon (T+C, row 2). For any column, the images to which the CTF correspond were from a carbon covered hole (C) and the adjacent triafol plus carbon support film (T+C), both recorded on the same micrograph; therefore the imaging parameters of defocus, illumination angle, and electron statistics were identical.

Applications of Scanning Microscopy in Biomedical Research

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
T. L. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Content Information ◽  
Sectioned Tissue

Biomedical applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have increased in number quite rapidly over the last several years. Studies have been made of cells, whole mount tissue, sectioned tissue, particles, human chromosomes, microorganisms, dental enamel and skeletal material. Many of the advantages of using this instrument for such investigations come from its ability to produce images that are high in information content. Information about the chemical make-up of the specimen, its electrical properties and its three dimensional architecture all may be represented in such images. Since the biological system is distinctive in its chemistry and often spatially scaled to the resolving power of the SEM, these images are particularly useful in biomedical research.In any form of microscopy there are two parameters that together determine the usefulness of the image. One parameter is the size of the volume being studied or resolving power of the instrument and the other is the amount of information about this volume that is displayed in the image. Both parameters are important in describing the performance of a microscope. The light microscope image, for example, is rich in information content (chemical, spatial, living specimen, etc.) but is very limited in resolving power.

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