Potential Utilization Analysis of River Waste in Jakarta, Indonesia

There are still many people in Jakarta who throw their garbage into the river, resulting Jakarta city never being absent from the problems of river water pollution and flooding. Pesanggrahan River and Grogol River are some of the big river surrounded by high popullation area. All waste originating from the Pesanggrahan River and the Grogol River is dumped into the Bantar Gebang Landfill. This study aimed to reduce waste entering landfills are by making use of waste that still has economic value.The method used in decision making from various alternatives of the river waste utilization are utility theory and compromise programming. It takes planning to find out the composition and generation of solid waste from those rivers and to determine the potential use of river waste and the action to minimize and handle the river waste. Utilization of river waste that can be applied based on the composition of most waste is open windrow composting and plastic shredding. It is important to concern about river waste since Indonesia has various polluted river, especially by solid waste. By implementing a good river waste utilization, the waste that enters the landfill will be reduced and in line with reduced pollution to the aquatic environment. Keywords: Solid waste; Water; Generation; Composition; Utilization Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI WINDROW COMPOSTING BAGI MASYARAKAT SEKITAR TPA MUARA FAJAR PEKANBARU

Volume sampah organik yang cukup besar di TPA Muara Fajar dapat dimanfaatkan oleh warga sekitarnya dengan mengolahnya menjadi kompos. Selain dapat memperpanjang umur TPA, kegiatan pengomposan ini juga dapat meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat. Oleh karena, perlu adanya kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat sekitar TPA Muara Fajar agar memiliki ketrampilan dalam mengolah sampah organik menjadi kompos dengan teknologi windrow composting. Teknologi ini cocok diterapkan bagi warga sekitar TPA Muara Fajar karena dapat diaplikasikan untuk semua jenis sampah organik, loading capacity yang besar, serta menghasilkan kompos dengan kualitas yang baik. Kegiatan ini diikuti oleh warga RT 01 RW 03 Kelurahan Muara Fajar, Pekanbaru melalui sosialisasi, penyuluhan, pelatihan serta evaluasi. Dari kegiatan ini, masyarakat telah mampu memproduksi kompos dari sampah organik. Namun masih perlu kegiatan pengabdian lanjutan untuk membentuk unit usaha kompos di masyarakat.

Risk of Invasive Lupinus polyphyllus Seed Survival in Biomass Treatment Processes

Invasive plant species threaten native species and habitats causing ecologic, economic and social burden. When creating climate friendly solutions by utilizing plant biomasses in biogas and fertilizer production, safety should be ensured concerning the use of residues. This study concentrates on the treatment of biomasses containing invasive plant material by tunnel and windrow composting, and by farm-scale and laboratory-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) in mesophilic conditions. Germination of the nationally settled and harmful invasive species Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. was investigated after these processes. In addition, the role of the conditions found in the processes that destroyed seeds were studied, such as the time of exposure, temperature and static pressure. Dormant seeds are well protected against harsh conditions and can survive through various stress factors, but also become vulnerable as more factors are combined and time of exposure is extended. Our results suggest that the risks involved for the utilization of harmful invasive species increase with mesophilic temperatures and single treatments if the processing conditions are not stabile. One-month treatment with windrow composting showed a high risk for dormant seeds of L. polyphyllus seeds to survive, whereby extending the processing time reduced it substantially. Hard coated seeds can thus be broken with a combination of thermophilic temperatures, moisture and static pressure.

Decreased Methane Emissions Associated with Methanogenic and Methanotrophic Communities in a Pig Manure Windrow Composting System under Calcium Superphosphate Amendment

With the rapid growth of livestock breeding, manure composting has evolved to be an important source of atmospheric methane (CH4) which accelerates global warming. Calcium superphosphate (CaSSP), as a commonly used fertilizer, was proposed to be effective in reducing CH4 emissions from manure composting, but the intrinsic biological mechanism remains unknown. Methanogens and methanotrophs both play a key role in mediating CH4 fluxes, therefore we hypothesized that the CaSSP-mediated reduction in CH4 emissions was attributed to the shift of methanogens and methanotrophs, which was regulated by physicochemical parameter changes. To test this hypothesis, a 60-day pig manure windrow composting experiment was conducted to investigate the response of CH4 emissions to CaSSP amendment, with a close linkage to methanogenic and methanotrophic communities. Results showed that CaSSP amendment significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 49.5% compared with the control over the whole composting period. The decreased mcrA gene (encodes the α-subunit of methyl-coenzyme M reductase) abundance in response to CaSSP amendment suggested that the CH4 emissions were reduced primarily due to the suppressed microbial CH4 production. Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that the overall distribution pattern of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities were significantly affected by CaSSP amendment. Particularly, the relative abundance of Methanosarcina that is known to be a dominant group for CH4 production, significantly decreased by up to 25.3% accompanied with CaSSP addition. Only Type I methanotrophs was detected in our study and Methylocaldum was the dominant methanotrophs in this composting system; in detail, CaSSP amendment increased the relative abundance of OTUs belong to Methylocaldum and Methylobacter. Moreover, the increased SO42− concentration and decreased pH acted as two key factors influencing the methanogenic and methanotrophic composition, with the former has a negative effect on methanogenesis growth and can later promote CH4 oxidation at a low level. This study deepens our understanding of the interaction between abiotic factors, function microbiota and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as provides implication for practically reducing composting GHG emissions.

Quality assessment of compost from Centralized windrow composter (CWC) and Source segregate automatic vessel composter (AVC) at Hyderabad city in India

Out of the millions of tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated annually in India, only about 75-80% of the waste gets collected and out of this, only 22- 28% is processed and treated, and the remaining is deposited indiscriminately at dump yards. Hyderabad city generates around 5500MT of waste every day. And only 20% of the waste is used for composting using the windrow composting process. MSW composting is a rapidly growing method of solid waste management in Hyderabad and In-Vessel composting is the recent initiative by the Govt. of India to reduce the organic solid waste generated at the source. The present study was aimed to assess the degree of accumulation and contamination of the heavy metals in composts from Centralised Windrow Composter (CWC) and Source Segregated Accelerated Vessel Composter (AVC). Compost Samples from CWC and AVC were analysed for metals concentration using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers (ED-XRF). CWC samples were found with slightly high concentrations of heavy metals like Zinc (0.51 – 0.66%), Copper (0.36 – 0.45%), Nickel 0.03 – 0.05%), Iron (11.46 – 13.27%), and chromium (0.06 – 0.14%) compared to AVC. AVC samples contained high concentrations of Calcium (14.99 – 64.19%), Potassium (9.13 – 29.59%) and Phosphorous (1.55 – 3.43%) when compared to CWC. The current study does a comparative analysis on the process and nutrients available to assess the quality of the compost from both sources. Considering the above findings source segregated AVC seems to be a better composter than centralised CWC, as the concentrations of Ca, K, and P required by the plant were abundant in AVC. Also, considering the process aspect, there is always scope for cross-contamination if the waste is separated after treatment which is the case in CWC.

Calcium Superphosphate-Mediated Reshaping of Denitrifying Bacteria Community Contributed to N2O Mitigation in Pig Manure Windrow Composting

Composting is recognized as an effective strategy for the sustainable use of organic wastes, but also as an important emission source of nitrous oxide (N2O) contributing to global warming. The effects of calcium superphosphate (CaSSP) on N2O production during composting are reported to be controversial, and the intrinsic microbial mechanism remains unclear. Here, a pig manure windrow composting experiment lasting for ~60 days was performed to evaluate the effects of CaSSP amendment (5%, w/w) on N2O fluxes in situ, and to determine the denitrifiers’ response, and their driving factors. Results indicated that CaSSP amendment significantly reduced N2O emissions as compared to the control pile (maximum N2O emission rate reduced by 64.5% and total emission decreased by 49.8%). CaSSP amendment reduced the abundance of nirK gene encoding for nitrite reductase, while the abundance of nosZ gene (N2O reductase) was enriched. Finally, we built a schematic model and indicated that the abundance of nirK gene was likely to play a key role in mediating N2O production, which were correlated with NH4+-N and NO3−-N changing responsive to CaSSP. Our finding implicates that CaSSP application could be a potential strategy for N2O mitigation in manure windrow composting, and the revealed microbial mechanism is helpful for deepening the understanding of the interaction among N-cycle functional genes, physicochemical factors, and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions.

Monitoring of Biochemical Parameters and GHG Emissions in Bioaugmented Manure Composting

Composting is a sustainable alternative for the management of manure. In this study, the effects of bioaugmentation on cattle manure composting was investigated. In this study, two windrow piles were placed at 1.7 m in height, 2.1 m in bottom width, 0.6 m in top width, and 54 m in length. Microbial inoculum was added to pile 1, whereas the second pile was used as the control. After 17 days, the C:N ratio was reduced from 25.6 to 13.6 and the total nitrogen was increased from 1.89% to 3.36% in pile 1. The dominant bacteria identified in the compost samples belonged to the genera Clostridium, Bacillus, and Flavobacterium. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that the most commonly known pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Salmonella, were not detected in the finished material, indicating that the pathogenic microorganisms were inactivated by the composting process. Agronomic testing for cured compost indicated a C:N ratio of less than 15 and NH+4-N:NO3−-N ratio of less than 1. The whole process of windrow composting resulted in net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 157.94 tCO2-e and a global warming factor (GWF) of 1.04 tCO2-e·t−1 manure composted. This study showed that although bioaugmentation is a feasible treatment method for manure, GHG emissions need to be monitored.

Examination and statistical evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of windrow composting

The treatment and utilization of plant and animal waste and by-products from agriculture is very diverse. Traditional environmental management practices for waste management have been retained through soil conservation and the applied of recycle degradable organic substances in soil. The management of by-products from agriculture (animal husbandry) is important because a closed loop can be created to utilize by-products (manure, feathers) from the production of the main product (eggs, meat, milk) and to form a raw material for a new product. It is important to treat the resulting by-products, especially deep-litter manure, as it has served as a basis for compost-treated manure to develop an organic-based, soil-conditioning product line. Poultry manure by itself is not suitable as a substrate for aerobic decomposition, so it has to be mixed with other substances (zeolite, bentonite, soil), because of its high nutrient capacity, it is an acidifying substance. The aim of this study was to compost the mixture of poultry manure and hen manure by the addition of zeolite and to monitor the composting process. It was also our aim to statistically determine the effect of the zeolite on parameters describing the composting process. The windrow composting experiments were set up in the composting area of the University of Debrecen, Institute of Water and Environmental Management. The composting experiment was 62 days long, during which the main parameters describing the composting process were continuously monitored: temperature (°C), moisture content (w/w%), electrical conductivity (mS/cm), organic matter content (w/w%), examination of nitrogen forms (w/w%). In this study, three factors were investigated: temperature, humidity, and pH. For statistical evaluation, R software and RStudio user interface were used. We developed a repeated measurement model, in which the fixed and random effects were determined for our parameters under study, and the resulting relationships were shown on interaction plots. Based on our results, the temperature of the prisms has become independent of the ambient temperature and the composting stages can be separated in both the control and the zeolite treated prisms. In the repeated measurement model, we proved that treatment, time and treatment: time interaction were significant at both temperature and pH.