The application of pinch analysis to water, reagent and effluent management in a chlor-alkali facility

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gianadda ◽  
C.J. Brouckaert ◽  
R. Sayer ◽  
C.A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Pinch Analysis ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Chemical Complex ◽  
Water Pinch ◽  
Freshwater Consumption

South African industry is coming under increasing pressure to reduce the amount of freshwater it uses and the amount of effluent it produces. Water pinch is a cleaner production technique aimed at reducing the freshwater consumption and effluent production within a chemical complex. The design of water-reuse or water pinch networks as applied to the case study of a chlor-alkali complex is considered. Insights are provided into the analysis and formulation of problems for large-scale industrial systems and the application of present techniques and tools to the formulated problem is illustrated. The features of the problem posed by the chlor-alkali facility are discussed and the limitations of the present theory in dealing with this problem highlighted. The concepts of utility-water pinch analysis and process-water pinch analysis are introduced.

Large-Scale Farming and Land Reform Beneficiaries in South Africa: Lessons From a Case Study in Limpopo Province

2020 ◽  
pp. 002190962093746
Author(s):  
Clemence Rusenga
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
African Government ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Government

The South African government intends to improve rural livelihoods through land and agrarian reform. However, in doing so the government is enforcing large-scale production in the land reform projects with little regard for the beneficiaries’ background or capabilities, which are not suited to large-scale production. The article demonstrates how large-scale farming is negatively affecting land beneficiaries’ production by undermining their ability to produce the quality products (and adequate quantities) that satisfy the standards in the increasingly concentrated markets dominated by agribusiness.

scholarly journals Water Footprint and Water Pinch Analysis in Ethanol Industrial Production for Water Management

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Liu ◽  
Lijun Ren ◽  
Huimin Zhuo ◽  
Sanze Fu
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Fuel Ethanol ◽  
Pinch Analysis ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Ethanol Plant ◽  
Water Pinch

Fuel ethanol is considered to be a clean alternative fuel to meet increasing energy demands and mitigate environmental pollution. Faced with challenges in terms of energy security and environmental pollution, China is vigorously developing fuel ethanol. However, ethanol-manufacturing is a water-intensive industry; it consumes large volumes of fresh water and generates a corresponding amount of waste water. Expansion of this industry can reduce water quality and cause water stress. This study aims to combine the water footprint (WF) with a water pinch analysis technique to manage water consumption and sewage discharge systematically in an ethanol plant. A well-operated cassava ethanol plant in China was chosen as a case study. The WF of industrial ethanol production was evaluated. The total WF was 17.08 L/L ethanol, comprised of a 7.69 L blue water footprint (BWF), and a 9.39 L gray water footprint (GWF). The direct WF was 16.38 L/L ethanol, and the indirect WF was 0.70 L/L ethanol. Thereafter, a water pinch analysis was conducted, and the optimal direct water reuse scheme was studied. After the water network was optimized, the BWF was reduced by 0.98 L/L ethanol, while the GWF was reduced by 1.47 L/L ethanol. These results indicate that the combined use of WF and pinch analysis can provide the starch-based ethanol industry with an effective tool to improve its water management.

A Process Integration Approach to Water Conservation of a Coal to Methanol Plant Water System

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3418-3421
Author(s):  
Ran Zhang ◽  
Hong You ◽  
Dong Hai Wu
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Water System ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Integration Approach ◽  
Water Pinch ◽  
Freshwater Consumption

A case study of water using network of a coal to methanol plant was under taken with an aim to reduce freshwater consumption, and the accumulated water pinch was employed for minimization of freshwater consumption. The problem was identified as a single contaminant, reuse directly problem. The limiting constraint (i.e. COD) was identified based on the investigation of water quality. A nearest neighbor algorithm (NNA) was used to distribute the fresh water and reuse water among each of operations. The results showed that the flow rates of freshwater and wastewater could be decreased by 24.2% and 86.7%, respectively.

Industrial wastewater minimization using water pinch analysis: a case study on an old textile plant

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ujang ◽  
C.L. Wong ◽  
Z.A. Manan
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Pinch Analysis ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Pinch ◽  
Wastewater Generation

Industrial wastewater minimization can be conducted using four main strategies: (i) reuse; (ii) regeneration-reuse; (iii) regeneration-recycling; and (iv) process changes. This study is concerned with (i) and (ii) to investigate the most suitable approach to wastewater minimization for an old textile industry plant. A systematic water networks design using water pinch analysis (WPA) was developed to minimize the water usage and wastewater generation for the textile plant. COD was chosen as the main parameter. An integrated design method has been applied, which brings the engineering insight using WPA that can determine the minimum flowrate of the water usage and then minimize the water consumption and wastewater generation as well. The overall result of this study shows that WPA has been effectively applied using both reuse and regeneration-reuse strategies for the old textile industry plant, and reduced the operating cost by 16% and 50% respectively.

scholarly journals To Save Lives: The Ethical Precedent set by South Africa’s Leadership during Lockdown

Phronimon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Anthony Pittaway
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
Large Numbers

None of the lockdown decisions made by governments in response to the Covid-19 pandemic can be considered to be self-evident outcomes of objective data. Executive members of each nation’s government considered the particular pandemic circumstances that they deemed to be important and relevant, and decisions were made based on limited epidemiological data in combination with a variety of contingent socio-political and economic variables. These kinds of decisions fall partly into the philosophical category of ethics, and they can be summarised under the umbrella question: What should we do? The precautionary principle must have played a large role in the decision-making process, considering the conspicuous lack of reliable data on which to base decisions. In this article, I turn to South Africa as a case study, and I tease out some of the precautionary factors that may have, in part, driven many major decisions prior to and during the South African lockdown. I argue that if the precautionary principle can be used as part of the justification for large-scale government interventions to save an unknown number of lives, then consistent use of the principle should warrant concerted responses by government to a variety of potential threats and problems in South Africa. I also argue that for government’s focus on saving lives to be consistent, preventative action in response to phenomena that take worryingly large numbers of lives annually, is necessary.

A Family With Autosomal-Dominant Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Halpin ◽  
Barbara Herrmann ◽  
Margaret Whearty
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
The Family ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
Language Pathology

The family described in this article provides an unusual opportunity to relate findings from genetic, histological, electrophysiological, psychophysical, and rehabilitative investigation. Although the total number evaluated is large (49), the known, living affected population is smaller (14), and these are spread from age 20 to age 59. As a result, the findings described above are those of a large-scale case study. Clearly, more data will be available through longitudinal study of the individuals documented in the course of this investigation but, given the slow nature of the progression in this disease, such studies will be undertaken after an interval of several years. The general picture presented to the audiologist who must rehabilitate these cases is that of a progressive cochlear degeneration that affects only thresholds at first, and then rapidly diminishes speech intelligibility. The expected result is that, after normal language development, the patient may accept hearing aids well, encouraged by the support of the family. Performance and satisfaction with the hearing aids is good, until the onset of the speech intelligibility loss, at which time the patient will encounter serious difficulties and may reject hearing aids as unhelpful. As the histological and electrophysiological results indicate, however, the eighth nerve remains viable, especially in the younger affected members, and success with cochlear implantation may be expected. Audiologic counseling efforts are aided by the presence of role models and support from the other affected members of the family. Speech-language pathology services were not considered important by the members of this family since their speech production developed normally and has remained very good. Self-correction of speech was supported by hearing aids and cochlear implants (Case 5’s speech production was documented in Perkell, Lane, Svirsky, & Webster, 1992). These patients received genetic counseling and, due to the high penetrance of the disease, exhibited serious concerns regarding future generations and the hope of a cure.

The Boeing 787 Dreamliner--A case study in large-scale design integration

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. McMullin ◽  
A. R. Jacobsen ◽  
D. C. Carvan ◽  
R. J. Gardner ◽  
J. A. Goegan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Design Integration ◽  
Scale Design
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