A Process Integration Approach to Water Conservation of a Coal to Methanol Plant Water System

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3418-3421
Author(s):  
Ran Zhang ◽  
Hong You ◽  
Dong Hai Wu
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Water System ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Integration Approach ◽  
Water Pinch ◽  
Freshwater Consumption

A case study of water using network of a coal to methanol plant was under taken with an aim to reduce freshwater consumption, and the accumulated water pinch was employed for minimization of freshwater consumption. The problem was identified as a single contaminant, reuse directly problem. The limiting constraint (i.e. COD) was identified based on the investigation of water quality. A nearest neighbor algorithm (NNA) was used to distribute the fresh water and reuse water among each of operations. The results showed that the flow rates of freshwater and wastewater could be decreased by 24.2% and 86.7%, respectively.

Review of the Application of Water Pinch Technology in Water-Saving and Emission Reduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Hong Meng ◽  
Qi Qiao ◽  
Jing Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Water System ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Pinch Technology ◽  
Impurity System ◽  
Water Pinch

Water pinch technology for the water system of enterprises is one of the focuses on water-saving and emission reduction research of enterprises in recent years. This technology is characterized by the design minimal fresh water consumption and waste water emissions minimum and aims to achieve economic benefit optimum process integration technology. The application of water pinch technology to integration and optimization of the water system was reviewed, and engineering application examples of water pinch technology were introduced. The water pinch technology is simple and intuitive. Besides, it could achieve optimal solution for a single impurity system. But for multiple contaminants system, this method will no longer apply. Taking into account its limitations, the possible optimization solutions to application of water pinch technology in combination with other types of analysis tools in enterprise water system were put forward.

scholarly journals Targeting and Design Procedure for Water-using Networks with Single Contaminant

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1066-1069
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Water System ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Freshwater Flow ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Freshwater Consumption

Minimizing of wastewater has become a focus of research as the reduction of wastewater discharge and water conservation has great importance. Wastewater discharge and fresh water consumption can significantly be reduced by Integration of the water system. The integration is done by reuse, regeneration reuse/recycling of waste wastewater appropriately. This work shows the development of a systematic technique which target freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge to achieve the maximum water recovery for systems involving a single contaminant. A generic linear programming model has been used based on water network superstructure to generate the maximum water recovery targets and design minimum water network .It has been used in this work water path analysis and improved source shift algorithm to evolve a preliminary water network to reduce number of interconnections by incurring a penalty on both wastewater and freshwater flow rates. This method has been tested for one problem reported in the literature. It is cleared from the illustrated problems that the proposed procedure needs much less computation compared with methods taken from other literatures.

scholarly journals Water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP): a refinery case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Dian Kurnia Sari ◽  
Gert Holm Kristensen ◽  
Martin Andersen ◽  
Alain Andre Maria Ducheyne ◽  
Wan Aik Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Assessment Program ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Critical Control Points

The key approach to manage and prevent potential hazards arising from specific contaminants in water networks is to consider water as the main product delivered. This new concept, addressed as water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP), has been further developed from hazard analysis of critical control points (HACCP) to illustrate the potential hazards which are the roots of hindering intra-facility water reuse strategies. For industrial sectors applying water reclamation and reuse schemes, it is paramount that the reclaimed water quality stays within the desired quality. The objective of WRAP is to establish a new methodology and knowledge, which will contribute to the sustainable development of industrial water management, and demonstrate its capabilities in identifying and addressing any potential hazards in the selected schemes adoption by the industries. A ‘what-if’ scenario was simulated using a refinery as a case study to show strategies on how to benefit reclaimed or reuse water based on reliable, applied and scientific research within the process integration area. In conclusion, the WRAP model will facilitate operators, consultants and decision makers to reuse water on a fit-for-use basis whilst avoiding contaminant accumulation in the overall system and production of sub-quality products from inadequate processes after several reuses.

The application of pinch analysis to water, reagent and effluent management in a chlor-alkali facility

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gianadda ◽  
C.J. Brouckaert ◽  
R. Sayer ◽  
C.A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Pinch Analysis ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Chemical Complex ◽  
Water Pinch ◽  
Freshwater Consumption

South African industry is coming under increasing pressure to reduce the amount of freshwater it uses and the amount of effluent it produces. Water pinch is a cleaner production technique aimed at reducing the freshwater consumption and effluent production within a chemical complex. The design of water-reuse or water pinch networks as applied to the case study of a chlor-alkali complex is considered. Insights are provided into the analysis and formulation of problems for large-scale industrial systems and the application of present techniques and tools to the formulated problem is illustrated. The features of the problem posed by the chlor-alkali facility are discussed and the limitations of the present theory in dealing with this problem highlighted. The concepts of utility-water pinch analysis and process-water pinch analysis are introduced.

Characterization of Unfilled Tungsten Plugs on a 0.35μm CMOS Multilevel Metallization Process

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sur ◽  
S. Bothra ◽  
Y. Strunk ◽  
J. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Process Development ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Electrical Failure ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Integration Approach ◽  
Intermetal Dielectric ◽  
Metallization Process ◽  
Section Analysis

Abstract An investigation into metallization/interconnect failures during the process development phase of an advanced 0.35μm CMOS ASIC process is presented. The corresponding electrical failure signature was electrical shorting on SRAM test arrays and subsequently functional/Iddq failures on product-like test vehicles. Advanced wafer-level failure analysis techniques and equipment were used to isolate and identify the leakage source as shorting of metal lines due to tungsten (W) residue which was originating from unfilled vias. Further cross-section analysis revealed that the failing vias were all exposed to the intermetal dielectric spin-on glass (SOG) material used for filling the narrow spaces between metal lines. The outgassing of the SOG in the exposed regions of the via prior to and during the tungsten plug deposition is believed to be the cause of the unfilled vias. This analysis facilitated further process development in eliminating the failure mechanism and since then no failures of this nature have been observed. The process integration approach used to eliminate the failure is discussed.

Site Suitability Analysis for Water Conservation Using AHP and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Upper Sina River Catchment, Ahmednagar (India)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Badhe ◽  
Ravindra Medhe ◽  
Tushar Shelar
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Site Suitability ◽  
Gis Techniques ◽  
Multi Criteria Evaluation ◽  
Conservation Activity ◽  
Suitable Site

The site suitability for construction of water conservation structures is an important step towards groundwater conservation in arid and semi-arid regions. Water is the most crucial for maintaining an environment and ecosystem which is helpful to sustaining all forms of the life. The increasing water scarcity day to day has been one of the common problems over a period of time. On top of it, when the area is a part of rain shadow zone like Ahmednagar district, water conservation activities are become more important. The present study aims to identify the suitable zones for water conservation activity. Multi- criteria evaluation is carried out using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to help the choice makers in defining suitable site for construction of water conservation structures. Different layers which were considered for multi-criteria evaluation: slope, land use land cover, soil texture, lithology, soil depth, soil erosion, wells, lineaments and drainage network. Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP) is used for weighted sum to find suitable sites for implementation of water conservation activity using selected criterions. The site suitability map was classified into four classes: highly suitable, moderately suitable, less suitable and not suitable with area of 19.19%, 26%, 49.03% and 5.78, respectively. This map will help for selection of suitable sites for construction of Mati Nala Bund (MNB), Check Dam, Cement Nala Bund (CNB) and Continuous Contour Trenches (CCT) for conservation of groundwater resource in the region.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Different Machine Learning Methods for Object-Based Artificial Terrace Mapping—A Case Study of the Loess Plateau, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Hu Ding ◽  
Jiaming Na ◽  
Shangjing Jiang ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
K Nearest Neighbor ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting

Artificial terraces are of great importance for agricultural production and soil and water conservation. Automatic high-accuracy mapping of artificial terraces is the basis of monitoring and related studies. Previous research achieved artificial terrace mapping based on high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) or imagery. As a result of the importance of the contextual information for terrace mapping, object-based image analysis (OBIA) combined with machine learning (ML) technologies are widely used. However, the selection of an appropriate classifier is of great importance for the terrace mapping task. In this study, the performance of an integrated framework using OBIA and ML for terrace mapping was tested. A catchment, Zhifanggou, in the Loess Plateau, China, was used as the study area. First, optimized image segmentation was conducted. Then, features from the DEMs and imagery were extracted, and the correlations between the features were analyzed and ranked for classification. Finally, three different commonly-used ML classifiers, namely, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN), were used for terrace mapping. The comparison with the ground truth, as delineated by field survey, indicated that random forest performed best, with a 95.60% overall accuracy (followed by 94.16% and 92.33% for XGBoost and KNN, respectively). The influence of class imbalance and feature selection is discussed. This work provides a credible framework for mapping artificial terraces.

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