freshwater consumption
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2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Aziz Ur Rahman ◽  
Haq Nawaz Abbasi ◽  
Muhammad Owais

Freshwater consumption has been increased because of population growth and economic development. At the same time, depletion and contamination of groundwater is subject of great concern. Karachi is the industrial hub and serves as the economic backbone of Pakistan. The research aims to investigate the heavy metal pollution in the groundwater of Korangi Industrial Area, one of the largest industrial estates in Karachi. Eighteen representative locations were selected to collect groundwater samples and study the concentrations of heavy metals Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Pollution load index, Nemerow's pollution index, and geo accumulation index approaches were used to interpret the basic data. The average concentrations of the measured heavy metals were 354.67 µg.L-1 , 694.33 µg.L-1 , 39.2 µg.L-1 , 12.89 µg.L-1 , 9.5 µg.L-1 , and 6.17 µg.L-1 for Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Ni, respectively. The results showed that groundwater quality in the study area is poor and mainly contaminated by Pb and Fe.


KREA-TIF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Intan Damayanti ◽  
Erwin Hermawan ◽  
Nurul Kamilah

<p><em>Data ikan konsumsi air tawar sangat diperlukan untuk mengetahui zona potensi ikan konsumsi air tawar, dengan tingkat potensi tinggi, sedang dan rendah pada 40 Kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Bogor, namun data yang diperoleh dari Dinas Perikanan dan Peternakan masih disajikan dalam buku yang menggambarkan peta dan data-data tentang perikanan. Serta untuk mengetahui produksi dari Tahun ke Tahun masih kurang optimal karena hanya disajikan dalam bentuk grafik statistik. Hal ini menyebabkan kesulitan dalam mengetahui zona ikan konsumsi air tawar, yang berpotensi memiliki tingkat potensi tinggi, sedang dan rendah, oleh karena itu diperlukanya </em>suatu peta sebaran<em>, untuk memudahkan dalam melihat peta sebaran zona potensi ikan konsumsi air tawar dengan potensi tinggi, sedang, dan rendah dari Tahun 2018-2019, kedalam bentuk peta menggunakan analisis k-means clustering</em> dengan bahasa pemrograman Rstudio<em>. Hasil penelitian analisis dengan k-means clustering menghasilkan 3 cluster dengan kategori tinggi, sedang dan rendah pada jenis ikan konsumsi air tawar. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu peta lokasi sebaran zona potensi ikan konsumsi air tawar di Kabupaten Bogor.</em></p><p> </p><p align="left"><strong>K</strong><strong>a</strong><strong>ta kunci: </strong><em>Analisis Spasial, Potensi Ikan Konsumsi, Metode Clustering, Zona potensi</em></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Freshwater fish consumption data is very necessary to determine the potential zones of freshwater consumption fish, with high, medium and low potential levels in 40 sub-districts in Bogor Regency, but data obtained from the Department of Fisheries and Livestock are still presented in books that describe maps and </em><em>fishery data</em><em>. And to find out the production from year to year is still not optimal because it is only presented in the form of statistical graphs. This causes difficulties in knowing the zones of freshwater consumption fish, which have the potential to have high, medium and low potential levels</em> <em>a distribution map is needed, to make it easier to see a map of the distribution of </em><em>potential</em><em>l freshwater fish consumption zones with high, medium, and low potential. low from 2018-2019, into map form using k-means clustering analysis</em><em> with Rstudio programming language</em><em>. The results of the analysis with k-means clustering resulted in 3 clusters with high medium and low categories for freshwater consumption fish The results of this study are a map of the distribution of potential zones for freshwater consumption fish in Bogor</em><em>.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Spatial Analysis, Potential Fish Consumption, Clustering Method, Potential Zone</em><em></em></p>


2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110457
Author(s):  
Li Ai ◽  
Hongmei Cao ◽  
Yawei Zhu

The commercial powder disperse dye used for printing polyester fabrics exhibits many environmentally-unfriendly properties, especially the associated high wastewater emission. In this study, three kinds of liquid disperse dyes (C.I. Disperse Blue 291:1, (L-DB); C.I. Disperse Red 179, (L-DR), and C.I. Disperse Orange 30, (L-DO)), two kinds of binders (A and/or B), and a micro-printing process, were applied to polyester fabric, with the goal of reducing freshwater consumption while maintaining color fastness. The influences of rheological and printing performance and color fastness were studied. Home-made liquid dyes of L-DB, L-DR and L-DO were found to exhibit higher color depth, excellent color fastness, and ultralow emission of wastewater and waste residual during the micro-printing process. The binder comprised of silicone-modified polyacrylate was observed to increase dye uptake, reduce dye sublimation, and improve color fastness. The liquid dyes of L-DB, L-DR and L-DO also exhibit stable and better rheological properties, which appeared to have little effect on the viscosity of printing pastes when compared with commercial powder disperse dye of Blue 3GFL (C.I. Disperse Blue 291:1), Red 2B (C.I. Disperse Red 179) and Yellow brown S-4RL (C.I. Disperse Orange 30), respectively. Results of this micro-printing process indicated that it is an environmentally clean production technology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luhuan Sun ◽  
Shuai Shao ◽  
Jie Bao

AbstractFermentative production of microbial lipid requires high fresh water input. The utilization of high saline seawater or industrial wastewater is an important alternative to reduce the freshwater consumption. This study revealed that oleaginous yeast Trichosporon cutaneum was tolerant to a high salinity up to 130 g/L of NaCl after long-term adaptive evolution. Lipid fermentation of T. cutaneum in seawater achieved the lipid production of 31.7 g/L with approximately 36% greater than that in freshwater. The saline water containing phenol was also tested for lipid fermentation and 23.6 g/L of lipid was produced simultaneously with the complete biodegradation of phenol. An interesting phenomenon was also observed that the yeast cells spontaneously segregated onto the upper surface of the saline water. This study extended the lipid fermentation options with practical application potentials.


Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1887
Author(s):  
Viviana Quintero ◽  
Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga ◽  
Angel Darío Gonzalez-Delgado

The conservation and proper management of natural resources constitute one of the main objectives of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development designed by the Member States of the United Nations. In this work, a hybrid strategy based on process integration is proposed to minimize freshwater consumption while reusing wastewater. As a novelty, the strategy included a heuristic approach for identifying the minimum consumption of freshwater with a preliminary design of the water network, considering the concept of reuse and multiple pollutants. Then, mathematical programming techniques were applied to evaluate the possibilities of regeneration of the source streams through the inclusion of intercept units and establish the optimal design of the network. This strategy was used in the shrimp shell waste process to obtain chitosan, where a minimum freshwater consumption of 277 t/h was identified, with a reuse strategy and an optimal value of US $5.5 million for the design of the water network.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Severina ◽  
Vadim Proklin ◽  
Artem Rykhlik ◽  
Valery Kalinitchenko ◽  
Alexey Glinushkin ◽  
...  

&lt;p&gt;Consumption up to 95 % of the global freshwater resources for irresponsible outdated irrigation practice is no longer permissible worldwide. This huge water consumption is usually declared as an insurmountable consequence of irrigation technology and justified by the need for food production. This abnormal amount contradicts the task of human survival. Thus a call for a technological and regulatory breakthrough in the sphere of water resources is urgent. The current irrigation paradigm is based on imitation of natural rain, drip, surface or subsurface water flux to the soil. Old outdated irrigation paradigm links together two stages of the soil moisturizing process: water supply to the soil and water spreading throughout the soil continuum. This is a systemic disadvantage of standard irrigation. This lack stems from the simulation of natural water distribution.&amp;#160; The current imitative paradigm of irrigation simultaneously reproduces other phenomena of the natural hydrological process. These are excess of freshwater consumption for 4&amp;#8211;15 times compared with plant water demand; spatial differentiation of the soil moisture and vegetation growth conditions; soil compaction and over-moistening and landscape waterlogging; increased share of the unstable mineral in soil, preferential water fluxes through the soil to vadose zone and saturation zone; leaching of the soil organic matter and nutrients, and generally uncontrolled biogeochemical process caused by the standard irrigation.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We developed the transcendental Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology as a basis of development of the new soil watering paradigm. New intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete plant watering paradigm is executed by injection of successive small portions of water intra-soil via syringe into the soil vertical cylinder of 1.5&amp;#8211;2.5 cm diameter at a depth of 10 to 35 cm. In the period of 5&amp;#8211;10 min after individual injection, the water redistributes in the soil in the vicinity of the watered cylinder via capillary, film and vapour transfer. An ambient soil carcass remains mechanically stable. This carcass supports the soil which was disturbed hydrodynamically while intra-soil water injection mechanically, providing a multilevel aggregation of the soil fine fractions preferable for development of the rhizosphere. Resulting matrix soil water potential is of &amp;#8722;0.2 MPa. At this potential, the soil solution has a rather high concentration. This concentration is optimal for the nutrition of plants. At the same time, such concentration of the soil solution is healthy for the soil, soil biota, and plant as a rather high air content provided. In absence of the over-moistening, the plant resistivity for pathogens becomes higher. The stomatal apparatus of plants operate in regulation mode, providing water saving. Freshwater consumption 4&amp;#8211;20 times less compared to standard irrigation. Fertilizers, pesticide efficiency, and soil productivity are higher. Higher rate biogeochemical process control is provided. The environmental damage of standard irrigation excluded. BGT* robotic intra-soil pulse continuous-discrete watering system developed. The opportunity provided for the global water scarcity overcoming. It is possible to expand the biosphere and provide non-conflicting sustainable technological and environmental safety.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The research was supported by the RFBR, project no. 18-29-25071, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia, no. 0852-2020-0029.&lt;/p&gt;


Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ángeles Cámara ◽  
Maria Llop

The continuous increase in freshwater consumption threatens water availability worldwide, especially in dry and arid regions. In this paper, we evaluate the sustainability of water use in Spain, a Mediterranean country that suffers from a permanent imbalance between water availability and water use. Our method, based on the input–output (IO) model, calculates the total water requirements of the Spanish production system. According to input–output assumptions, however, factors (i.e., labor and capital) and resources (such as natural goods or human capital) are not fully employed (not completely used), and therefore any expansion in demand is thought to always be automatically covered by production activities. This assumption seems unrealistic in water-scarce regions since it implies the following: (i) water resources are not quantitatively limited, and (ii) demand inflows can be fully produced and completely covered by the corresponding water requirements (i.e., the IO model assumes that water is always underused). To address this weakness in input–output water applications, we present a method that combines input–output analysis and sustainability criteria by incorporating physical environmental measurements that take into account thresholds in water usage. In particular, the Water Exploitation Index (WEI) evaluates whether water availability is sufficient to satisfy changes in demand in a sustainable or unsustainable way. Application of this index to Spanish water usage shows that services and manufacturing are linked to an unsustainable use of water.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Dirham Faried ◽  
Manap Trianto

Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) is a type of freshwater consumption fish, flat body shape with grey, brown or black colour. The purpose of this study was to describe the types of food found in the stomach of tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) in Talaga Lake, Donggala Regency. This research was conducted in April 2019. The method used in this study was a volumetric occurrence frequency method by a surgical sampling of fish to extract the stomach and analyze it. Based on the results of the analysis of the stomach contents of the Mujair fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), two groups of feed were obtained, namely Vegetable food (Fitoplaknton) in the form of Navicula placentula, Schroederia segitera, Schoroederia anchora, Zignemopsis circumcaniratum, Anabaena sp, Oscillatoria princeps, Spirogyra protifica, Bacillaria sp, Nitzschia aetinastroides, Oedogonium sp, Coelastrum chodati, and animal feed (Zooplankton) in the form of Tubipex sp, Brachionus havanaensis, Cyclops sp, Carcinus sp, Arcella sp, Acetes sp.


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