Removal of nitrogen in different wetland filter materials: use of stable nitrogen isotopes to determine factors controlling denitrification and DNRA

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.T. Mørkved ◽  
A.K. Søvik ◽  
B. Kløve ◽  
L.R. Bakken
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Isotopes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
15N Tracer ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Filter Materials ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
Initial Oxygen ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One

Laboratory incubations with varying O2 and NO3 concentrations were performed with a range of filter materials used in constructed wetlands (CWs). The study included material sampled from functioning CWs as well as raw materials subjected to laboratory pre-incubation. 15N-tracer techniques were used to assess the rates of denitrification versus dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and the relative role of nitrification versus denitrification in producing N2O. The N2O/(N2+N2O) product ratio was assessed for the different materials. Sand, shell sand, and peat sustained high rates of denitrification. Raw light-weight aggregates (LWA) had a very low rate, while in LWA sampled from a functioning CW, the rate was similar to the one found in the other materials. The N2O/(N2+N2O) ratio was very low for sand, shell sand and LWA from functioning CWs, but very high for raw LWA. The ratio was intermediate but variable for peat. The N2O produced by nitrification accounted for a significant percentage of the N2O accumulated during the incubation, but was dependent on the initial oxygen concentration. DNRA was significant only for shell sand taken from a functioning CW, suggesting that the establishment of active DNRA is a slower process than the establishment of a denitrifying flora.

Pots on mats: mat-impressed salt-extraction pottery at Chalcolithic Provadia-Solnitsata, Bulgaria

Antiquity ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mila Andonova ◽  
Vassil Nikolov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Relationship

Evidence for both basket weaving and salt production is often elusive in the prehistoric archaeological record. An assemblage of Middle–Late Chalcolithic pottery from Provadia-Solnitsata in Bulgaria provides insight into these two different technologies and the relationship between them. The authors analyse sherds from vessels used in large-scale salt production, the bases of which bear the impression of woven mats. This analysis reveals the possible raw materials used in mat weaving at Provadia-Solnitsata and allows interpretation of the role of these mats in salt production at the site. The results illustrate how it is possible to see the ‘invisible’ material culture of prehistoric south-eastern Europe and its importance for production and consumption.

scholarly journals Measuring voluntary and policy-induced social distancing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (16) ◽  
pp. e2008814118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youpei Yan ◽  
Amyn A. Malik ◽  
Jude Bayham ◽  
Eli P. Fenichel ◽  
Chandra Couzens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Step ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Smart Device ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Voluntary Response ◽  
Voluntary Behavior ◽  
The One ◽  
At Home

Staying home and avoiding unnecessary contact is an important part of the effort to contain COVID-19 and limit deaths. Every state in the United States enacted policies to encourage distancing and some mandated staying home. Understanding how these policies interact with individuals’ voluntary responses to the COVID-19 epidemic is a critical initial step in understanding the role of these nonpharmaceutical interventions in transmission dynamics and assessing policy impacts. We use variation in policy responses along with smart device data that measures the amount of time Americans stayed home to disentangle the extent that observed shifts in staying home behavior are induced by policy. We find evidence that stay-at-home orders and voluntary response to locally reported COVID-19 cases and deaths led to behavioral change. For the median county, which implemented a stay-at-home order with about two cases, we find that the response to stay-at-home orders increased time at home as if the county had experienced 29 additional local cases. However, the relative effect of stay-at-home orders was much greater in select counties. On the one hand, the mandate can be viewed as displacing a voluntary response to this rise in cases. On the other hand, policy accelerated the response, which likely helped reduce spread in the early phase of the pandemic. It is important to be able to attribute the relative role of self-interested behavior or policy mandates to understand the limits and opportunities for relying on voluntary behavior as opposed to imposing stay-at-home orders.

scholarly journals Study on Selective Pyrolysis of Biomass for Production of Upgraded Bio-Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 01033
Author(s):  
Xiaoning Ye ◽  
Xuejiao Lei ◽  
Caixia Wang ◽  
Qionghui Li ◽  
Wei Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biomass Pyrolysis ◽  
Chemical Preparation ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Specific Biomass ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass ◽  
Specific Technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis liquefaction to obtain biological oil is a mixture of water and hundreds of organic compounds, can be used as liquid fuel or chemical raw materials used in different fields. In order to increase the application value of the bio-oil, on the one hand, the biological oil can be refined, on the other hand can target specific biomass raw materials, selective control pyrolysis reaction process, thereby gaining specific high grade oil. With the improvement of catalyst preparation, a variety of new king of catalysts were introduced to the field of biomass pyrolysis. Recently, some researches had reported that some chemicals can be selectively promoted by introducing specific technology during pyrolysis process. Using this technology, chemical-riched liquid would be produced and the following purification process would be greatly simplified. Hence, developing new kind of technique with high selectivity to realize a variety of chemical preparation will be an inexorable trend in the field of biomass pyrolysis.

“The Past Is Never Dead”

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jasiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
First Century ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Strong Attachment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents a summary of analyses addressing the changing patterns of voting behavior in post-communist Poland as a context for examination of the issue of the relationship between regions defined by history (eighteenth-century partitions, border shifts after WWII) and contemporary forms of voting behavior. In the 1990s, the dominant cleavage in Polish politics was the one between the post-Solidarity and post-communist camps, and the best predictor of voting behavior was one’s religiosity. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, this cleavage has been replaced by another, between the liberal, pro-European orientation and the more Euro-skeptic, populist attitudes. The empirical evidence seems to suggest that one end of the populist—liberal continuum is relatively well defined and represents the traditional system of values, which defines Polish national identity in terms of ethnic nationalism, strong attachment to Catholic dogmas, and denunciation of communism as a virtual negation of those values. The other end of this continuum is defined more by rejection of this nationalistic-Catholic “imagined community” than by any positive features. This article examines the relative role of identity-related factors (e.g., religiosity or region) and determinants based on one’s socioeconomic (class) position in shaping voting patterns in the 2007 elections to the Polish Sejm and Senate. The empirical data come from a postelection survey, the Polish General Election Study 2007.

Determinants of Exports Behaviour of India’s Agro-processing Firms: Role of Technology, Imported Raw Materials and Logistics Infrastructure

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226292098144
Author(s):  
Suresh Ramaiah ◽  
Gopal Krishna Roy
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Export Intensity ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Exporting Firms ◽  
Export Behaviour ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Managerial Quality

Despite accounting for a sizeable share in the overall output and employment of the manufacturing sector, the export potential of India’s Agro-processing firms has received less attention. This article investigates the determinants of export propensity and intensity of relatively labour-intensive agro-processing firms in India with a focus on the role of technology adopted, the proportion of imported raw materials used and status of the logistics infrastructure at the location of the firm. The article makes use of the CMIE-PROWESS dataset to obtain a cross-section of agro-processing firms for the year 2016–2017 and the Logistic Ease Across Different States (LEADS) database. The empirical strategy involves the Heckman two-step process to address the sample selection bias originating in modelling export behaviour. The article finds that the likelihood of an agro-processing firm to enter the exporting market increases with an increase in technology enhancing investment in terms of expenditure on research and development and import of capital goods. Moreover, a better level of logistics infrastructure enhances the likelihood of exporting. The likelihood of a firm to export also increases with the increase in the use of imported raw materials, firm size, age and superior managerial quality. However, the paper finds only the expenditure on imported capital goods and imported raw materials to be positively and significantly associated with the export intensity of the exporting firms.

scholarly journals Similarities and Differences Between Italian Early Neolithic Groups: The Role of Personal Ornaments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1274-1294
Author(s):  
Roberto Micheli
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract The Early Neolithic is an interesting period for observing the changes that took place in material culture and also in the ideology that influenced the production of personal ornaments. Objects of adornment are useful for understanding how past peoples differentiated themselves on the basis of gender, age, or group affiliation. The Early Neolithic in Italy developed throughout the entire sixth millennium cal. BC, during which the first farming communities settled in the Italian peninsula and islands, with diverse Neolithic groups related to wider-ranging cultural spheres. Early Neolithic ornaments were mainly ring bracelets, manufactured beads and perforated shells or teeth. Through their choice and the raw materials used for their production, individuals and groups emphasized their diverse identities based on shared traditions. Focusing on some of the more significant sites, this article considers similarities and differences in forms and raw materials employed for ornaments by different Early Neolithic groups and how these could have been useful attributes to emphasise identities and in particular the membership of particular social or cultural groups.

Dynamics of Sexual Desire: Babylonian Rabbinic Culture at the Crossroads of Christian and Zoroastrian Ethics

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yishai Kiel
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Desire ◽  
Marital Relationships ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Babylonian Talmud ◽  
Sexual Gratification ◽  
Patristic Literature ◽  
The One ◽  
Marital Sex ◽  
The Demonic

The article examines the inherently dialectical view of sexuality reflected in Babylonian rabbinic culture, which differentiates the sexual act, consisting of the indivisible elements of procreation and sexual gratification, from notions of sexual desire. On the one hand, the Babylonian Talmud accentuates the relative role of both male and female sexual gratification in the sexual act, but, on the other hand, it expresses a pessimistic view of the sexual urge, which is reified as part and parcel of the demonic realm. This dialectical perception is resolved in Babylonian rabbinic culture through a paradoxical mechanism that seeks to extinguish sexual desire via marital sex. The article situates different aspects of this distinctive construction of sexual desire in the context of contemporaneous Christian and Zoroastrian views. First, the Babylonian rabbinic mechanism is contextualized with the Pauline view of marital sex as a therapy for those “aflame with passion” (1 Cor 7:9) and its reception in patristic literature. Second, the Babylonian rabbinic dialectic of sex and desire is viewed in the light of a similar bifurcated perception evident in the Pahlavi tradition: while Zoroastrianism advocated full-fledged marital relationships from its very inception, an important strand in the Pahlavi tradition expresses an ambiguous view of sexual desire, which is linked in various ways to the demonic sphere.

scholarly journals The effect of shaft diameter on the surface quality in turning machine for different sets of cutting parameter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Abdullah Al-Mahrouqi ◽  
Adeel H. Suhail
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Machining Performance ◽  
Mechanical Parts ◽  
Shaft Diameter ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Materials Used

In the manufacturing industry, machining is the process which has been used widely within the industry for carrying out various operations. By putting the materials together, mechanical parts can be formed with the help of raw materials change and these mechanical parts used in the formation of heavy and small machineries for the personal used and for the industrial use as well. Most of the metals are being manufactured with the help of machining. In the process of turning, the cutting parameters gained the opportunity to increase productivity. However, there also exists a consequence regarding the quality and deterioration risk and the life of the tool which need to be controlled to achieve greater efficiencies. The selection of parameters is based on the materials used in workpiece, tools, and other stuff. Additionally, the size of the tool matters as well, therefore it should also be selected carefully by keeping in mind the need of the machine and capability of the users regarding managing that machine. Many factors could affect the machining performance and during turning process, workpiece diameter could be one of these factors which affect the surface quality. The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of shaft diameter on the surface quality in Lathe turning machine. Taguchi method and Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis and to optimize the cutting parameters with several experimental runs well designed. The result shows the shaft diameter effect quality of workpiece surface and the researchers should take into account this effect during their study and compare it with other researcher results.

scholarly journals Analisis Biaya Produksi Dalam Meningkatkan Profitabilitas Perusahaan

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Lukman Hidayat ◽  
Suhandi Halim
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Overtime Work ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Regular Work

Production cost is important in determining selling price and as a basis for management decision making to decide whether products manufacturing will be continued or discontinued. In addition, production cost has influence on firm’s profitability level; the smaller production cost, it will be inversely in proportion to its profitability. The purpose of this study is to see how far the role of production cost affects profitability. By making some adjustments in production cost such as making efficiency, total number of the company’s profitability can be increased compared to production cost which is still high. The research done at PT Sakti Kandakawana, located in Bogor. The result shows that PT Sakti Kandakawana is still be able to improve profitability by making some corrections on productionn cost. The assumption is the same number of selling will get higher profitability if it’s used lower production cost. Due to ineffective cost decreases more and more, the company has fund by efficiency without affecting products quality.  Based on the evaluation, it shows that the production cost applied so far is still wasteful caused by raw materials used are expensive. In addition, it appears that cost for overtime work is not effective campare to cost for regular work. Thereby, when more efficient production cost is determined, the company’s profitability can be increased.   Keywords:Production Cost; Company’s Profitability

scholarly journals Role of Yeasts in the Brewing Process: Tradition and Innovation

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Massimo Iorizzo ◽  
Francesca Coppola ◽  
Francesco Letizia ◽  
Bruno Testa ◽  
Elena Sorrentino
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Brewing Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Yeast ◽  
Saccharomyces Yeasts

Nowadays, in the beer sector, there is a wide range of products, which differ for the technologies adopted, raw materials used, and microorganisms involved in the fermentation processes. The quality of beer is directly related to the fermentation activity of yeasts that, in addition to the production of alcohol, synthesize various compounds that contribute to the definition of the compositional and organoleptic characteristics. The microbrewing phenomenon (craft revolution) and the growing demand for innovative and specialty beers has stimulated researchers and brewers to select new yeast strains possessing particular technological and metabolic characteristics. Up until a few years ago, the selection of starter yeasts used in brewing was exclusively carried out on strains belonging to the genus Saccharomyces. However, some non-Saccharomyces yeasts have a specific enzymatic activity that can help to typify the taste and beer aroma. These yeasts, used as a single or mixed starter with Saccharomyces strains, represent a new biotechnological resource to produce beers with particular properties. This review describes the role of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts in brewing, and some future biotechnological perspectives.

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