Applicability of modelling tools in watershed management for controlling diffuse pollution

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Erturk ◽  
M. Gurel ◽  
M.A. Baloch ◽  
T. Dikerler ◽  
A. Ekdal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Water Quality Modelling ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Watershed Models ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Mountainous Country

Diffuse pollution is hard to analyze, control and manage by its nature. Watershed models and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are recently developed tools that aid analysis of diffuse sources of pollution. However, their applications are not always easy and straightforward. Turkey is a typical example of a mountainous country rich in rivers and streams. Due to the complex geomorphology, land-use and agricultural practices in most of the watersheds in Turkey, modelling, analyzing and managing diffuse pollution has been a challenge. The complex watershed structure forces the modellers to work with spatially high resolution data. Apart from the data, the models themselves may also cause operational problems. These issues and their probable solutions form the basis of the discussions in this paper. It acts as a guideline for modelling and analyzing diffuse pollution by emphasizing the referred problems and difficulties. Design of an Information Technology-based system tool for watershed and/or water quality modelling, which would be suitable for countries having watersheds with similar structure and problems to those of Turkey, is also outlined.

Analysis and modelling of land-based nutrient pollution by watershed models coupled with GIS: a case study from Turkey

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Erturk ◽  
M. Gurel ◽  
E. Varol ◽  
A. Ekdal ◽  
M. Baloch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Sources ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Watershed Models ◽  
Individual Point ◽  
High Uncertainty ◽  
Pollution Loads

Diffuse pollution is usually temporally and spatially uncertain, and thus hard to analyze. In many cases, discretizing a diffuse source of pollution into individual point sources can ease diffuse pollution modelling and analysis, and therefore reduce high uncertainty especially in the spatial distribution of pollution loads. This is however a difficult task, since quite a number of sub-drainage areas, with complex structures and land-use properties, has to be delineated. Watershed models can be used to delineate the sub-drainage areas in a watershed with high accuracy and locate the related outlets which connect the sub-drainage areas to the main waterbody in a watershed. In this study, such an approach has been used on a case study to model the diffuse nutrient loads carried to streams that reach to a medium-sized lake in Turkey. The annual nutrient loads, which were calculated by using mathematical models, were then converted to a load-map with the help of a geographical information system.

scholarly journals Evaluate the Distribution of Heavy Elements that Dissolved in Ground Water Using IDW in AL-Wafa City, Al-Ramadi,Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (51) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Hala A Rasheed ◽  
Auday H. Shaban
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Spatial Maps

Groundwater can be assessed by studying water wells. This study was conducted in Al-Wafa District, Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The water samples were collected from 24 different wells in the study area, in January 2021. A laboratory examination of the samples was conducted. Geographical information systems technique was relied on to determine the values of polluting elements in the wells. The chemical elements that were measured were [cadmium, lead, cobalt and chromium]. The output of this research were planned to be spatial maps that show the distribution of the elements with respect to their concentrations. The results show a variation in the heavy elements concentrations at the studied area groundwater. The samples show different values of concentrations; for Cadmium (0.218-1.624) ppm, Lead (0.217-1.157) ppm, Cobalt (0.014-0156) ppm, and for Chromium (0.045-0263) ppm. The distribution of the materials concentrations differs for each element which is refer to the sources of pollution are not relate to industry, but it could be relate to fertilization.

Vulnerability to diffuse pollution and average nitrate contamination of european soils and groundwater

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Meinardi ◽  
A. H. W. Beusen ◽  
M. J. S. Bollen ◽  
O. Klepper ◽  
W. J. Willems
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Groundwater Age ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Aquifer Type

From the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains, European soils are threatened by diffuse pollution from modern agriculture and increased atmospheric deposition. The vulnerability of the soil to diffuse pollution depends on land cover, topsoil features, net precipitation, aquifer type, groundwater recharge and age. The elaboration of the various elements was realized by applying Geographical Information Systems (GISs). Precipitation and the actual evapotranspiration were estimated using meteorological data. The resulting net precipitation is discharged by groundwater recharge and surfacial runoff, with the division of net precipitation in groundwater recharge and surfacial flow following from climate and soil features. The average groundwater age was based on aquifer depth, porosity and the recharge. The vulnerabilities of the soil and groundwater were estimated by establishing a ranking of the combined risks of a diffuse contamination for the topsoil and for groundwater in aquifers. Nitrogen compounds in soils are caused mainly by manuring and fertilization of agricultural lands and atmospheric deposition. The varying doses of fertilizer and manure and the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds were assessed for an actual situation. Only part of the applied doses leached into the soil. The leaching of nitrate to a level of 1 m below land surface was estimated by applying empirical relations derived from the northwest European experience, based on land use, features of the topsoil and net precipitation. The subsequent leaching to deeper strata and a further denitrification also depend on groundwater recharge and aquifer type. The average nitrate concentration in the various aquifers was assessed by estimating the nitrogen doses to European soils in the course of time in combination with the groundwater age. Results, attained using GIS and presented in the form of maps, show the leaching of nitrate concentrations to a level of 1 m below land surface and also the average concentration in the upper aquifer system.

scholarly journals Aggregate Analysis of Site-Specific Pollution Problems: The Case of Groundwater Contamination from Agriculture

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Opaluch ◽  
Kathleen Segerson
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
National Level ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Nonpoint Sources ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
Local Decision Makers

Control of nonpoint sources of pollution has traditionally been within the domain of local decision makers in recognition of the critical importance of site-specific issues. More recently attention has turned to the issue of what can and should be done at the regional or national level, while recognizing the importance of site-specific attributes. This paper describes and illustrates an approach for analysis of nonpoint pollution problems that focuses jointly at the aggregate and disaggregate levels of the problem. The approach is based on linking two tools of analysis, the microparameter distribution model and the Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Although there are significant challenges to be overcome in implementing such an approach, linkage of these two policy tools has considerable promise in dealing with site-specific issues within an aggregate framework. Furthermore, GIS is potentially an important source of data for economists to exploit, given the momentum of GIS systems throughout the nation and given the relatively disaggregate nature of the data.

Use of high-resolution geographical databases for rainfall-runoff relation in urbanised areas

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Y. Zech ◽  
A. Escarmelle
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Satellite Imaging ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Distributed Models ◽  
Regional Hydrology ◽  
Resolution Data

Distributed models are more and more used in regional hydrology. One of the main reasons is their essential compatibility with raster data in Geographical Information Systems. Also in urban hydraulics, distributed models are promising but their development depends on the availability of high-resolution data able to represent urban features. Public databases from satellite imaging are not yet adequate. The paper investigates the possibility of using other kinds of databases designed more specifically for cartography. The advantages and inconveniences of such an approach are pointed out, based on two actual examples.

scholarly journals Remote sensing and geographical information analytical techniques for modelling Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) habitat and population densities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalifa M Al-Kindi ◽  
Paul Kwan ◽  
Nigel Andrew ◽  
Mitchell Welch
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Monitoring And Surveillance

In order to understand the distribution and prevalence of Ommatissus lybicus (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) as well as analyse their current biographical patterns and predict their future spread, comprehensive and highly sophisticated information on the environmental, climatic, and agricultural practices are essential. The analytical techniques available in modern spatial analysis packages, such as Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, can help detect and model spatial links and correlations between the presence, absence and density of O. lybicus in response to climatic, environmental and human factors. The main objective of this paper is to review remote sensing and geographical information analytical techniques that can be applied in mapping and modelling the habitat and population density of O. lybicus in Oman. An exhaustive search of related literature revealed that there are few studies linking location-based infestation levels of pests like the O. lybicus with climatic, environmental and human practice related variables in the Middle East. Our review also highlights the accumulated knowledge and addresses the gaps in this area of research. Furthermore, it makes recommendations for future studies, and gives suggestions on monitoring and surveillance sites that are necessary in designing both local and regional level integrated pest management (IPM) policing of palm tree and other affected cultivated crops.

Modeling diffuse pollution with a distributed approach

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.F. León ◽  
E.D. Soulis ◽  
N. Kouwen ◽  
G.J. Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Source Modeling ◽  
Response Unit ◽  
Distributed Approach ◽  
Group Response

The transferability of parameters for non-point source pollution models to other watersheds, especially those in remote areas without enough data for calibration, is a major problem in diffuse pollution modeling. A water quality component was developed for WATFLOOD (a flood forecast hydrological model) to deal with sediment and nutrient transport. The model uses a distributed group response unit approach for water quantity and quality modeling. Runoff, sediment yield and soluble nutrient concentrations are calculated separately for each land cover class, weighted by area and then routed downstream. The distributed approach for the water quality model for diffuse pollution in agricultural watersheds is described in this paper. Integrating the model with data extracted using GIS technology (Geographical Information Systems) for a local watershed, the model is calibrated for the hydrologic response and validated for the water quality component. With the connection to GIS and the group response unit approach used in this paper, model portability increases substantially, which will improve non-point source modeling at the watershed scale level.

scholarly journals HYPER SPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING FOR DAMAGE DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION MODELS IN AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 380-386
Author(s):  
Akshay Dhande, Rahul Malik
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Remote Sensing Methods

Agriculture is the pillar of the financial system of any country and it's far enormously crucial for financial improvement and social stability. Remote sensing has numerous benefits within the discipline of agronomical studies purpose.  Remote sensing has the capacity to face this big obstacle in the evolutionary changes in agricultural practices, by delivering recurrent information on crop condition at multiple scales and for different actors during the season. Because of the rapid changes in farming started from mid to past 1980, remote sensing has become an indispensable a part of precision agriculture. Agricultural systems need to be monitored in regular interval. Remote sensing act as vital method in well timed tracking and provides a correct snapshot of the agricultural with good accuracy. The tracking of agricultural strongly follows seasonal patterns on the subject of the organic life of crops. Because of this background we studied various remote sensing methods like crop classification, crop tracking and yield assessment. We discovered that almost all of the remote sensing methods have been exploratory investigations, examined on a nearby scale with direct dependence on ground data. In tandem with other specialized methods such as geographical information systems and global positioning systems, remote sensing plays an important role in the measurement and monitoring of agricultural activities. We begin this review by presenting an outline of the existing methods of remote sensing relevant to the agricultural sector. This paper analyses remote sensing methods progress, problems and future in agricultural context. This article will offer an outline of commercially remote sensors having high resolution which have been used or have ability for accuracy in collecting agriculture information. Further, overview illustrates current research trends in remote sensing methods that allow reinforcing applicative skills with precise necessities for specific forms of stakeholders. We offer a synthesis of the rising possibilities in remote sensing techniques that have to reinforce the role in imparting long time and efficient services for agricultural purpose. SAR remote sensing techniques have extremely good capability and could play an important role in diverse fields of agricultural remote sensing. Finally, the paper outlines challenges, limitation and future trends of remote sensing methods in crop evaluation. This paper concludes that current utilization of remote sensing methods in crop evaluation still remains in an experimental stage.

scholarly journals Remote sensing and geographical information analytical techniques for modelling Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) habitat and population densities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalifa M Al-Kindi ◽  
Paul Kwan ◽  
Nigel Andrew ◽  
Mitchell Welch
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Monitoring And Surveillance

In order to understand the distribution and prevalence of Ommatissus lybicus (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) as well as analyse their current biographical patterns and predict their future spread, comprehensive and highly sophisticated information on the environmental, climatic, and agricultural practices are essential. The analytical techniques available in modern spatial analysis packages, such as Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, can help detect and model spatial links and correlations between the presence, absence and density of O. lybicus in response to climatic, environmental and human factors. The main objective of this paper is to review remote sensing and geographical information analytical techniques that can be applied in mapping and modelling the habitat and population density of O. lybicus in Oman. An exhaustive search of related literature revealed that there are few studies linking location-based infestation levels of pests like the O. lybicus with climatic, environmental and human practice related variables in the Middle East. Our review also highlights the accumulated knowledge and addresses the gaps in this area of research. Furthermore, it makes recommendations for future studies, and gives suggestions on monitoring and surveillance sites that are necessary in designing both local and regional level integrated pest management (IPM) policing of palm tree and other affected cultivated crops.

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