Rainwater harvesting in schools in Taiwan: system characteristics and water quality

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1767-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sung ◽  
C. C. Kan ◽  
M. W. Wan ◽  
C. R. Yang ◽  
J. C. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Water Quality Indicators

In order to understand the current status of rainwater harvesting (RWH) practices in Taiwan's schools, a study was carried out to examine the RWH system performance, water usage, and water quality in these sites. A total of 29 schools in various regions were selected for this investigation, including 7 in the northern, 7 in the central, 8 in the southern, and 7 in the eastern regions of Taiwan. Water quality indicators tested were: pH, temperature, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, suspended solid, total organic carbon, fecal coliform, and total coliform. From this study, it was found that RWH systems in these sites generally had two different designs: one that collected rainwater only, and one that collected both rainwater and grey water. From statistical analysis, it was found that water quality indicators such as suspended solids, total organic carbon, and fecal coliform were significantly affected by the water source and site location. Fecal coliforms in most of the sites we studied were high and not qualified for toilet flushing. The average water retention time of 2.4 months was long and considered to be the main reason to cause high fecal coliform counts. Finally, the benefit analysis was conducted to evaluate economic feasibility of rainwater harvesting for these schools. It turned out that 20% of them were able to gain economic benefits from using rainwater.

scholarly journals Water quality indicators in the Mantiqueira Range region, Minas Gerais state

CERNE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Campos Pinto ◽  
Carlos Rogério de Mello ◽  
Léo Fernandes Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Animal Farming

Maintaining the quality of water resources is of great importance for environmental preservation and the quality of life of consumers, and is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity today. Land-use for agriculture and animal farming significantly changes the biological, physical and chemical characteristics of natural systems. This study comprised monitoring of two subbasins located in the Mantiqueira Range region, from which water samples were collected on a monthly basis between June 2010 and May 2011 for analysis. Each subbasin has a distinct vegetation cover, one being predominantly covered by pastureland and the other being entirely covered by Atlantic Forest. The following water quality indicators were analyzed: turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, temperature, nitrate, phosphate, BOD,COD, total and fecal coliforms, and respective discharge measurement. The results showed that water quality degradation in both environments coincided with the local rainy season and was influenced by transport of organic material to watercourses by direct surface runoff. The high concentrations of fecal coliforms found affected the water quality, particularly in the rainy season, and are associated with agriculture and animal farming, the main economic activities in the region. The Atlantic Forest environment, however, had statistically better water quality over time in relation to the pastureland environment, due to the buffering it provides to direct surface runoff.

scholarly journals Water quality index in two land use situations in the Mantiqueira Range

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Campos Pinto ◽  
Carlos Rogério de Mello ◽  
Daniel Furtado Ferreira ◽  
Léo Fernandes Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Quality Indicators

The use of a large number of water quality indicators increases the costs of streamflow monitoring throughout the time. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can be considered a promised tool for water resources management, allowing a reduction in the dimensionality of the data and facilitating their analyses. This study aimed to obtain a water quality index (WQI) to characterize the Mantiqueira Range region. Water quality indicators from a sub-basin entirely occupied by Atlantic Forest and from another predominantly occupied by pasture were normalized and used to compose the WQI. The normalized values were submitted to a PCA evaluation and the WQI was then calculated. The Indicators with greatest weight, according to the PCA, were total coliform, nitrate, fecal coliform, chemical oxygen demand and temperature. The Atlantic forest sub-basin presented the best WQI results, demonstrating the importance of the forested environment in the maintenance of water quality in springs of the Mantiqueira Range region.

Application of a Pilot-Scale Pulsed Electrocoagulation system to OCC-Based Paper Mill Effluent

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUAN-SHING PERNG ◽  
EUGENE I-CHEN WANG ◽  
SHIH-TSUNG YU ◽  
AN-YI CHANG
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Paper Mill Effluent ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
True Color

Trends toward closure of white water recirculation loops in papermaking often lead to a need for system modifications. We conducted a pilot-scale study using pulsed electrocoagulation technology to treat the effluent of an old corrugated containerboard (OCC)-based paper mill in order to evaluate its treatment performance. The operating variables were a current density of 0–240 A/m2, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8–16 min, and a coagulant (anionic polyacrylamide) dosage of 0–22 mg/L. Water quality indicators investigated were electrical con-ductivity, suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and true color. The results were encouraging. Under the operating conditions without coagulant addition, the highest removals for conductivity, SS, COD, and true color were 39.8%, 85.7%, 70.5%, and 97.1%, respectively (with an HRT of 16 min). The use of a coagulant enhanced the removal of both conductivity and COD. With an optimal dosage of 20 mg/L and a shortened HRT of 10 min, the highest removal achieved for the four water quality indicators were 37.7%, 88.7%, 74.2%, and 91.7%, respectively. The water qualities thus attained should be adequate to allow reuse of a substantial portion of the treated effluent as process water makeup in papermaking.

Spatio-temporal Variations in Water Quality Parameter Trends in River Waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2940-2952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Zelenakova ◽  
Pavol Purcz ◽  
Radu Daniel Pintilii ◽  
Peter Blistan ◽  
Petr Hlustik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Water Quality Parameter ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen

Evaluating trends in water quality indicators is a crucial issue in integrated water resource management in any country. In this study eight chemical and physical water quality indicators were analysed in seven river profiles in the River Laborec in eastern Slovakia. The analysed water quality parameters were biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), pH, temperature (t), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and total phosphorus (TP). Data from the monitored indicators were provided by the Ko�ice branch of the Slovakian Water Management Company, over a period of 15 years from 1999 to 2013. Mann�Kendall non-parametric statistical test was used for the trend analysis. Biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, ammonium and nitrite nitrogen content exhibit decreasing trends in the River Laborec. Decreasing agricultural activity in the area has had a significant impact on the trends in these parameters. However, NO2--N was the significant parameter of water quality because it mostly exceeds the limit value set in Slovak legislation, Regulation No. 269/2010 Coll. In addition, water temperature revealed an increasing trend which could be caused by global increase in air temperature. These results indicate that human activity significantly impacts the water quality.

scholarly journals Assessment of Automatically Monitored Water Levels and Water Quality Indicators in Rivers with Different Hydromorphological Conditions and Pollution Levels in Greece

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Angeliki Mentzafou ◽  
George Varlas ◽  
Anastasios Papadopoulos ◽  
Georgios Poulis ◽  
Elias Dimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Riverine Ecosystems

Water resources, especially riverine ecosystems, are globally under qualitative and quantitative degradation due to human-imposed pressures. High-temporal-resolution data obtained from automatic stations can provide insights into the processes that link catchment hydrology and streamwater chemistry. The scope of this paper was to investigate the statistical behavior of high-frequency measurements at sites with known hydromorphological and pollution pressures. For this purpose, hourly time series of water levels and key water quality indicators (temperature, electric conductivity, and dissolved oxygen concentrations) collected from four automatic monitoring stations under different hydromorphological conditions and pollution pressures were statistically elaborated. Based on the results, the hydromorphological conditions and pollution pressures of each station were confirmed to be reflected in the results of the statistical analysis performed. It was proven that the comparative use of the statistics and patterns of the water level and quality high-frequency time series could be used in the interpretation of the current site status as well as allowing the detection of possible changes. This approach can be used as a tool for the definition of thresholds, and will contribute to the design of management and restoration measures for the most impacted areas.

scholarly journals Sanitation and Water Quality in Port Harcourt Waterfront Settlements

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. J. Ugboma ◽  
M. A. S. Horsfall
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Port Harcourt

Sanitation and water quality are a good measure to judge the living standard and health status of a community. This study focused on the assessment of surface and ground water resources from selected waterfront areas within Port Harcourt metropolis notable for their poor sanitary conditions as receptacles for domestic wastes. Surface water (river) and ground water samples were collected from Abuloma waterfront, Marine Base and Afikpo (Diobu) and their microbiological and physiochemical parameters determined using standard laboratory methods. The microbiological parameters analyzed include total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC), fecal coliform count, total coliform count, Salmonella count, Shigella count and Vibrio count. The physiochemical parameters monitored include pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The THBC ranged from 15x101cfu/ml to 1.3x102 cfu/ml; total coliform count ranged from 0 to 17cfu/ml; all the samples had no fecal coliform; the Salmonella count ranged from 0 to 15 cfu/ml; the Shigella count ranged from 0 to 30cfu/ml and Vibrio count ranged from 0 to 15 cfu/ml. The pH values ranged from 5.9-7.6; temperature from 27.5°C to 29.6°C; salinity from 0.012 mg/l to 0.379 mg/l; conductivity from 17.8 s/cm to 19370 s/cm; TDS from 12.3 mg/l to 13610 mg/l; DO from 2.41 mg/l -3.4mg/l, turbidity from 0.24 NTU to 1.11 NTU and BOD from 16 mg/l to 120 mg/l. The results obtained showed that the water resources are not safe and pose risk to human health. These findings highlight the need to improve the sanitary condition of waterfront areas and promote water treatment to ensure the health and safety of the public.

scholarly journals Utilization of factor analysis in waterworks engineering

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Petra Nováková
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the work was to elaborate and evaluate the water quality of water reservoir Vranov nad Dyjí. Fresh water was sampled in five different locations of the reservoir (three important tributaries, dam and water captation locality). Ten, the most essential water quality indicators were selected. From the point of view of water quality indicators complexity the most integrated samples were taken in the water captation locality (period 1984 – 2002). At other locations, there were missing dates from the eightieth, but their volume was sufficient for statistical processing.Correlation analyses for the individual locations and dimensions were done as so as determination coefficients for all localities during the time period of 1994 – 2002. The results demonstrate very good allocation of the water captation from the point of view of the water flow.Multiples and factor analysis was done for the period of 1984 – 2002 in the locality Jelení zátoka where the object of water captation is situated. The results of the analysis are nine factors, which influence the water quality of the reservoir. From the point of view of the importance three factors were interpreted.The analyses and results are part of my Ph.D. thesis. The results will be used for other evaluations of the water quality in the reservoir and tributaries, for activities in the catchment’s area and for proposal processing other zones of second level of protected areas.

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